वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-7, chapter-10, verse-3

कुम्भकर्णस्तदा यत्तो नित्यं धर्मपरायणः ।
तताप ग्रैष्मिके काले पञ्चस्वग्निष्ववस्थितः ॥३॥

3. kumbhakarṇastadā yatto nityaṃ dharmaparāyaṇaḥ ,
tatāpa graiṣmike kāle pañcasvagniṣvavasthitaḥ.

3. kumbhakarṇaḥ tadā yattaḥ nityam dharmaparāyaṇaḥ
tatāpa graiṣmike kāle pañcasu agniṣu avasthitaḥ

3. tadā nityam dharmaparāyaṇaḥ yattaḥ kumbhakarṇaḥ
graiṣmike kāle pañcasu agniṣu avasthitaḥ tatāpa

3. At that time, Kumbhakarna, who was constantly committed to righteous conduct (dharma), undertook severe spiritual discipline by standing amidst five fires during the summer season.

Words meanings summery:

• कुम्भकर्णः (kumbhakarṇaḥ) - Kumbhakarna (Kumbhakarna (a proper name))

• तदा (tadā) - At that time (then, at that time)

• यत्तः (yattaḥ) - engaged (engaged, concentrated, prepared, self-controlled)

• नित्यम् (nityam) - constantly (always, constantly, eternally)

• धर्मपरायणः (dharmaparāyaṇaḥ) - committed to righteous conduct (dharma) (devoted to dharma, righteous, having righteousness as the highest goal)

• तताप (tatāpa) - performed severe spiritual discipline (he performed austerity, he heated, he shone)

• ग्रैष्मिके (graiṣmike) - in the summer (in the summer (season))

• काले (kāle) - during the season (in time, in the season, at the right time)

• पञ्चसु (pañcasu) - amidst five (in five, among five)

• अग्निषु (agniṣu) - fires (in fires, among fires)

• अवस्थितः (avasthitaḥ) - standing (standing, situated, positioned, abiding)

Words meanings and morphology

कुम्भकर्णः (kumbhakarṇaḥ) - Kumbhakarna (Kumbhakarna (a proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kumbhakarṇa

kumbhakarṇa - Kumbhakarna (a giant rakshasa brother of Ravana)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (kumbha+karṇa)

• kumbha – pot, pitcher
  noun (masculine)
• karṇa – ear
  noun (masculine)

तदा (tadā) - At that time (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

यत्तः (yattaḥ) - engaged (engaged, concentrated, prepared, self-controlled)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yatta

yatta - engaged, prepared, concentrated, restrained

Past Passive Participle

From root `yam` (to restrain, control).

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: Refers to Kumbhakarna.

नित्यम् (nityam) - constantly (always, constantly, eternally)

(indeclinable)

धर्मपरायणः (dharmaparāyaṇaḥ) - committed to righteous conduct (dharma) (devoted to dharma, righteous, having righteousness as the highest goal)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmaparāyaṇa

dharmaparāyaṇa - devoted to dharma, righteous, having dharma as the supreme object

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dharma+parāyaṇa)

• dharma – natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty
  noun (masculine)
• parāyaṇa – final aim, chief object, devoted to, intent upon
  noun (neuter)

Note: Refers to Kumbhakarna.

तताप (tatāpa) - performed severe spiritual discipline (he performed austerity, he heated, he shone)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of tap

Perfect Tense, Parasmaipada

Root `tap` (1st class), reduplicated for perfect tense.

Root: tap (class 1)

ग्रैष्मिके (graiṣmike) - in the summer (in the summer (season))

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of graiṣmika

graiṣmika - relating to summer, summerly

Derived from `grīṣma` (summer).

काले (kāle) - during the season (in time, in the season, at the right time)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, season, period

पञ्चसु (pañcasu) - amidst five (in five, among five)

(numeral)

Note: Agrees with `agniṣu`.

अग्निषु (agniṣu) - fires (in fires, among fires)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of agni

agni - fire, sacrificial fire, god of fire

अवस्थितः (avasthitaḥ) - standing (standing, situated, positioned, abiding)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of avasthita

avasthita - standing, situated, present, abiding

Past Passive Participle

From root `sthā` with prefix `ava`.

Prefix: ava

Root: sthā (class 1)