महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-17, verse-20

सहितैर्नाम योद्धव्यमित्येष समयः कृतः ।
अथ कस्मात्परानेव घ्नतो मर्षयसे नृप ॥२०॥

20. sahitairnāma yoddhavyamityeṣa samayaḥ kṛtaḥ ,
atha kasmātparāneva ghnato marṣayase nṛpa.

20. sahitaiḥ nāma yoddhavyam iti eṣaḥ samayaḥ kṛtaḥ
| atha kasmāt parān eva ghnataḥ marṣayase nṛpa

20. nāma sahitaiḥ yoddhavyam iti eṣaḥ samayaḥ kṛtaḥ atha nṛpa,
kasmāt parān ghnatas eva marṣayase

20. Indeed, it was agreed that we should fight together – this arrangement was made. So, O King, why do you tolerate the enemies, even as they are killing (our men)?

Words meanings summery:

• सहितैः (sahitaiḥ) - together (as a collective group) (accompanied, together with, assembled (by))

• नाम (nāma) - indeed, it was (emphatic) (indeed, certainly, by name)

• योद्धव्यम् (yoddhavyam) - should be fought (by us) (should be fought, ought to fight)

• इति (iti) - (marking the preceding as a statement/agreement) (thus, so, (marks direct speech))

• एषः (eṣaḥ) - this (agreement) (this (masculine))

• समयः (samayaḥ) - this agreement (agreement, compact, time, convention)

• कृतः (kṛtaḥ) - was made (made, done, performed)

• अथ (atha) - so (indicating a new point/question) (now, then, so, therefore)

• कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why (why, from what, from whom)

• परान् (parān) - the enemies (others, enemies)

• एव (eva) - even (as they are killing) (only, just, indeed)

• घ्नतः (ghnataḥ) - (even as they are) killing (our men) (of one who is killing, killing)

• मर्षयसे (marṣayase) - you tolerate (you tolerate, you endure)

• नृप (nṛpa) - O king (Duryodhana) (O king, king)

Words meanings and morphology

सहितैः (sahitaiḥ) - together (as a collective group) (accompanied, together with, assembled (by))

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of sahita

sahita - accompanied, together with, joined, assembled

past passive participle

from 'sa-' (with) + root '√dhā' (to place) and kta (past passive participle) suffix, meaning 'placed together'.

Prefix: sa

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Used in impersonal construction with 'yoddhavyam'.

नाम (nāma) - indeed, it was (emphatic) (indeed, certainly, by name)

(indeclinable)

योद्धव्यम् (yoddhavyam) - should be fought (by us) (should be fought, ought to fight)

(gerundive)

Note: Expresses obligation or fitness.

इति (iti) - (marking the preceding as a statement/agreement) (thus, so, (marks direct speech))

(indeclinable)

एषः (eṣaḥ) - this (agreement) (this (masculine))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of etad

etad - this, that

Note: Refers to 'samayaḥ'.

समयः (samayaḥ) - this agreement (agreement, compact, time, convention)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samaya

samaya - agreement, compact, covenant, stipulated time, convention

from 'sam' + root '√i' (to go, approach).

Prefix: sam

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Subject of 'kṛtaḥ'.

कृतः (kṛtaḥ) - was made (made, done, performed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṛta

kṛta - made, done, performed, accomplished (past passive participle of √kṛ)

past passive participle

from root √kṛ (to do, make) + suffix '-ta'.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

अथ (atha) - so (indicating a new point/question) (now, then, so, therefore)

(indeclinable)

कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why (why, from what, from whom)

(pronoun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Note: Interrogative.

परान् (parān) - the enemies (others, enemies)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of para

para - other, alien, hostile, enemy

Note: Object of 'marṣayase'.

एव (eva) - even (as they are killing) (only, just, indeed)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes 'ghnataḥ'.

घ्नतः (ghnataḥ) - (even as they are) killing (our men) (of one who is killing, killing)

(participle)

Genitive, masculine, singular of ghnat

ghnat - killing, striking (present active participle of √han)

present active participle

from root √han (to strike, kill)

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Often used for the action of the direct object when it is still performing an action.

मर्षयसे (marṣayase) - you tolerate (you tolerate, you endure)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present (lat) of mṛṣ

present tense (middle voice)

causative from root √mṛṣ (to endure, tolerate) with secondary 'aya' suffix.

Root: mṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Causative sense, 'cause to endure' or 'allow to remain'.

नृप (nṛpa) - O king (Duryodhana) (O king, king)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of nṛpa

nṛpa - king, ruler (lit. 'protector of men')

compound 'nṛ' (man) + 'pa' (protector, from √pā).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa

• nṛ – man, human
  noun (masculine)
• pa – protector, guardian
  noun (masculine)
  Root: pā (class 2)

Note: Addressing Duryodhana.