वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-18, verse-3

विपरीतश्च वृद्धश्च विषयैश्च प्रधर्षितः ।
नृपः किमिव न ब्रूयाच्चोद्यमानः समन्मथः ॥३॥

3. viparītaśca vṛddhaśca viṣayaiśca pradharṣitaḥ ,
nṛpaḥ kimiva na brūyāccodyamānaḥ samanmathaḥ.

3. viparītaḥ ca vṛddhaḥ ca viṣayaiḥ ca pradharṣitaḥ
nṛpaḥ kim iva na brūyāt codyamānaḥ samanmathaḥ

3. viparītaḥ ca vṛddhaḥ ca viṣayaiḥ ca pradharṣitaḥ
ca samanmathaḥ codyamānaḥ nṛpaḥ kim iva na brūyāt

3. What would a king not say, when he is confused, aged, overpowered by sensual desires, tormented by passion, and being urged?

Words meanings summery:

• विपरीतः (viparītaḥ) - confused (referring to the king's state of mind) (reversed, contrary, confused, perverse)

• च (ca) - and (connecting attributes of the king) (and, also)

• वृद्धः (vṛddhaḥ) - aged (describing the king) (old, aged, grown, increased)

• च (ca) - and (connecting attributes) (and, also)

• विषयैः (viṣayaiḥ) - by sensual desires (by objects of sense, by sensual pleasures, by matters)

• च (ca) - and (connecting attributes) (and, also)

• प्रधर्षितः (pradharṣitaḥ) - overpowered (by sensual desires) (agitated, overpowered, violated, overcome)

• नृपः (nṛpaḥ) - king (Dasharatha) (king, ruler)

• किम् (kim) - what (interrogative for a rhetorical question) (what?, why?, how?)

• इव (iva) - indeed (intensifying the rhetorical question) (like, as if, indeed)

• न (na) - not (negating 'say') (not, no, nor)

• ब्रूयात् (brūyāt) - would say (should say, would say, may say)

• चोद्यमानः (codyamānaḥ) - being urged (to speak or act) (being urged, being prompted, being incited)

• समन्मथः (samanmathaḥ) - tormented by passion (accompanied by Manmatha (god of love), agitated by love, overcome by passion)

Words meanings and morphology

विपरीतः (viparītaḥ) - confused (referring to the king's state of mind) (reversed, contrary, confused, perverse)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of viparīta

viparīta - reversed, contrary, opposite, confused, perverse

Past Passive Participle

From √ī (to go) with prefixes 'vi-' and 'pari-', plus '-ta' suffix.

Prefixes: vi+pari

Root: ī (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'nṛpaḥ'.

च (ca) - and (connecting attributes of the king) (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

वृद्धः (vṛddhaḥ) - aged (describing the king) (old, aged, grown, increased)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vṛddha

vṛddha - old, aged, grown, increased, wise

Past Passive Participle

From √vṛdh (to grow, increase) + -ta suffix.

Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'nṛpaḥ'.

च (ca) - and (connecting attributes) (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

विषयैः (viṣayaiḥ) - by sensual desires (by objects of sense, by sensual pleasures, by matters)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of viṣaya

viṣaya - object of sense, sensual pleasure, realm, scope, matter

Note: Agent of 'pradharṣitaḥ'.

च (ca) - and (connecting attributes) (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

प्रधर्षितः (pradharṣitaḥ) - overpowered (by sensual desires) (agitated, overpowered, violated, overcome)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pradharṣita

pradharṣita - agitated, overpowered, violated, assailed, overcome

Past Passive Participle

From √dhṛṣ (to be bold, dare, attack) with prefix 'pra-', plus '-ita' suffix.

Prefix: pra

Root: dhṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'nṛpaḥ'.

नृपः (nṛpaḥ) - king (Dasharatha) (king, ruler)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nṛpa

nṛpa - king, ruler, protector of men

Compound of 'nṛ' (man) and 'pa' (protector).

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (nṛ+pa)

• nṛ – man, male
  noun (masculine)
• pa – protector, guardian
  noun (masculine)
  From √pā (to protect).
  Root: pā (class 2)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

किम् (kim) - what (interrogative for a rhetorical question) (what?, why?, how?)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kim

kim - what, which, why

Interrogative pronoun.

Note: Part of the idiom 'kim iva na'.

इव (iva) - indeed (intensifying the rhetorical question) (like, as if, indeed)

(indeclinable)

Particle.

Note: Used to form a rhetorical question: "what would he *not* say?" meaning "he would say anything."

न (na) - not (negating 'say') (not, no, nor)

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

Note: Part of the rhetorical question 'kim iva na brūyāt'.

ब्रूयात् (brūyāt) - would say (should say, would say, may say)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of √brū

Optative 3rd person singular

Root verb with optative ending.

Root: brū (class 2)

Note: Expresses possibility or potentiality in a rhetorical context.

चोद्यमानः (codyamānaḥ) - being urged (to speak or act) (being urged, being prompted, being incited)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of codyamāna

codyamāna - being urged, being prompted, being incited

Present Passive Participle

From √cud (to urge, impel) with passive stem and '-māna' suffix.

Root: cud (class 10)

Note: Agrees with 'nṛpaḥ'.

समन्मथः (samanmathaḥ) - tormented by passion (accompanied by Manmatha (god of love), agitated by love, overcome by passion)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samanmatha

samanmatha - accompanied by love, tormented by passion, enamoured

Compound 'sa-' (with) and 'manmatha' (love).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sa+manmatha)

• sa – with, accompanied by
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating 'with' or 'together'.
• manmatha – love, passion, god of love (Cupid)
  noun (masculine)
  Literally 'that which churns the mind'.
  Root: manth (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'nṛpaḥ'.