मार्कण्डेय-पुराणम्
mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇam
-
chapter-53, verse-31
ज्ञेयः पञ्चसु धर्मश्च वर्णाश्रमविभागजः ।
नित्यः स्वाभाविकश्चैव अहिंसाविधिवर्धितः ॥३१॥
नित्यः स्वाभाविकश्चैव अहिंसाविधिवर्धितः ॥३१॥
31. jñeyaḥ pañcasu dharmaśca varṇāśramavibhāgajaḥ .
nityaḥ svābhāvikaścaiva ahiṃsāvidhivardhitaḥ.
nityaḥ svābhāvikaścaiva ahiṃsāvidhivardhitaḥ.
31.
jñeyaḥ pañcasu dharmaḥ ca varṇāśramavibhāgajaḥ
nityaḥ svābhāvikaḥ ca eva ahiṃsāvidhivardhitaḥ
nityaḥ svābhāvikaḥ ca eva ahiṃsāvidhivardhitaḥ
31.
In five (of these regions), the natural law (dharma), which originates from the divisions of social orders (varṇas) and stages of life (āśramas), should be known. It is eternal, inherent, and also promoted by the principle of non-violence (ahiṃsā).
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- ज्ञेयः (jñeyaḥ) - should be known (to be known, knowable, understandable)
- पञ्चसु (pañcasu) - in five (of these regions) (in/among the five)
- धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - the natural law (dharma) ((dharma), constitution, natural law, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness)
- च (ca) - and (and, also)
- वर्णाश्रमविभागजः (varṇāśramavibhāgajaḥ) - originating from the divisions of social orders (varṇas) and stages of life (āśramas) (born from the division of social orders (varṇas) and stages of life (āśramas))
- नित्यः (nityaḥ) - eternal (eternal, constant, permanent, regular)
- स्वाभाविकः (svābhāvikaḥ) - inherent (natural, inherent, intrinsic, spontaneous)
- च (ca) - and (and, also)
- एव (eva) - also (only, just, indeed, certainly)
- अहिंसाविधिवर्धितः (ahiṁsāvidhivardhitaḥ) - promoted by the principle of non-violence (ahiṃsā) (promoted by the rule of non-violence, enhanced by the principle of non-violence)
Words meanings and morphology
ज्ञेयः (jñeyaḥ) - should be known (to be known, knowable, understandable)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of jñeya
jñeya - to be known, knowable
Gerundive (karmaṇi prayogā, potential passive participle)
From root jñā (to know) with the suffix -eya
Root: jñā (class 9)
Note: Agrees with 'dharmaḥ'.
पञ्चसु (pañcasu) - in five (of these regions) (in/among the five)
(numeral)
Note: Qualifies 'varṣeṣu' (regions) implicitly, as confirmed by the next verse.
धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - the natural law (dharma) ((dharma), constitution, natural law, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of dharma
dharma - natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness, virtue, intrinsic nature
Root: dhṛ (class 1)
Note: The subject of 'jñeyaḥ'.
च (ca) - and (and, also)
(indeclinable)
Note: Connects 'dharmaḥ' with its description.
वर्णाश्रमविभागजः (varṇāśramavibhāgajaḥ) - originating from the divisions of social orders (varṇas) and stages of life (āśramas) (born from the division of social orders (varṇas) and stages of life (āśramas))
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of varṇāśramavibhāgaja
varṇāśramavibhāgaja - born from the division of varṇas and āśramas
Compound of varṇa-āśrama-vibhāga (division of varṇa and āśrama) + ja (born)
Compound type : tatpuruṣa (varṇa+āśrama+vibhāga+ja)
- varṇa – color, class, social order
noun (masculine) - āśrama – stage of life, hermitage
noun (masculine)
Prefix: ā
Root: śram (class 4) - vibhāga – division, distinction, distribution
noun (masculine)
Prefix: vi
Root: bhaj (class 1) - ja – born, produced from
adjective
From root jan (to be born)
Root: jan (class 4)
Note: Qualifies 'dharmaḥ'.
नित्यः (nityaḥ) - eternal (eternal, constant, permanent, regular)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of nitya
nitya - eternal, constant, permanent
Note: Qualifies 'dharmaḥ'.
स्वाभाविकः (svābhāvikaḥ) - inherent (natural, inherent, intrinsic, spontaneous)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of svābhāvika
svābhāvika - natural, inherent, intrinsic
Derived from svabhāva (one's own nature) with -ika suffix.
Note: Qualifies 'dharmaḥ'.
च (ca) - and (and, also)
(indeclinable)
Note: Connects adjectives qualifying 'dharmaḥ'.
एव (eva) - also (only, just, indeed, certainly)
(indeclinable)
Note: Used for emphasis, here effectively "also".
अहिंसाविधिवर्धितः (ahiṁsāvidhivardhitaḥ) - promoted by the principle of non-violence (ahiṃsā) (promoted by the rule of non-violence, enhanced by the principle of non-violence)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of ahiṃsāvidhivardhita
ahiṁsāvidhivardhita - promoted/enhanced by the rule of non-violence
Past Passive Participle in a compound
Compound of ahiṃsā (non-violence) + vidhi (rule) + vardhita (promoted)
Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ahiṃsā+vidhi+vardhita)
- ahiṃsā – non-violence, non-injury
noun (feminine)
Negative particle 'a' + hiṃsā (injury) - vidhi – rule, injunction, method
noun (masculine)
Prefix: vi
Root: dhā (class 3) - vardhita – increased, grown, promoted, strengthened
adjective
Past Passive Participle
From root vṛdh (to grow, increase) with kta suffix, causative form.
Root: vṛdh (class 1)
Note: Qualifies 'dharmaḥ'.