महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-8, verse-3

कथं नु पार्षतस्तात शत्रुभिर्दुष्प्रधर्षणम् ।
किरन्तमिषुसंघातान्रुक्मपुङ्खाननेकशः ॥३॥

3. kathaṁ nu pārṣatastāta śatrubhirduṣpradharṣaṇam ,
kirantamiṣusaṁghātānrukmapuṅkhānanekaśaḥ.

3. katham nu pārṣataḥ tāta śatrubhiḥ duṣpradharṣaṇam
kirantam iṣu-saṃghātān rukma-puṅkhān anekaśaḥ

3. tāta katham nu pārṣataḥ śatrubhiḥ duṣpradharṣaṇam
anekaśaḥ rukma-puṅkhān iṣu-saṃghātān kirantam

3. O dear one (Sanjaya), how indeed was he killed—he who was unassailable by enemies, showering countless volleys of golden-shafted arrows,

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how?, in what manner?

• नु (nu) - indeed, now, certainly (emphasizing particle)

• पार्षतः (pārṣataḥ) - Referring to Dhṛṣṭadyumna, the general of the Pāṇḍava army and son of Drupada, who was also known as Pārṣata. (by Dhrishtadyumna (son of Prishata))

• तात (tāta) - Dhritarashtra addressing Sanjaya with affection. (O dear one, O son)

• शत्रुभिः (śatrubhiḥ) - by enemies

• दुष्प्रधर्षणम् (duṣpradharṣaṇam) - Describing Drona as impossible for enemies to overcome. (difficult to overcome, invincible, unassailable)

• किरन्तम् (kirantam) - Showering arrows. (scattering, showering, throwing)

• इषु-संघातान् (iṣu-saṁghātān) - volleys of arrows, multitudes of arrows

• रुक्म-पुङ्खान् (rukma-puṅkhān) - Describing the arrows as having shafts made of gold. (golden-shafted, having golden quills)

• अनेकशः (anekaśaḥ) - repeatedly, in great numbers, manifold

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how?, in what manner?

(indeclinable)

नु (nu) - indeed, now, certainly (emphasizing particle)

(indeclinable)

पार्षतः (pārṣataḥ) - Referring to Dhṛṣṭadyumna, the general of the Pāṇḍava army and son of Drupada, who was also known as Pārṣata. (by Dhrishtadyumna (son of Prishata))

(proper noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of pārṣata

pārṣata - son of Pṛṣata; Dhrishtadyumna

Note: Used here in the sense of 'by' (agent of killing), typically an instrumental case, but ablative can also denote agency in some contexts, or 'from Pārṣata'.

तात (tāta) - Dhritarashtra addressing Sanjaya with affection. (O dear one, O son)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of tāta

tāta - father, dear one, son (term of endearment)

शत्रुभिः (śatrubhiḥ) - by enemies

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śatru

śatru - enemy, foe

दुष्प्रधर्षणम् (duṣpradharṣaṇam) - Describing Drona as impossible for enemies to overcome. (difficult to overcome, invincible, unassailable)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of duṣpradharṣaṇa

duṣpradharṣaṇa - difficult to assail, invincible, unassailable

Compound type : pradi-samāsa (dus+pra+dhṛṣaṇa)

• dus – bad, difficult, hard
  indeclinable
• pra – forth, forward, very, excellent
  indeclinable
• dhṛṣaṇa – assailing, attacking, audacious
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root dhṛṣ (to dare, attack)
  Root: dhṛṣ (class 5)

Note: Agrees with implicit Droṇam.

किरन्तम् (kirantam) - Showering arrows. (scattering, showering, throwing)

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kirant

kirant - scattering, showering, throwing

Present Active Participle

Derived from root kṛ (to scatter, pour)

Root: kṛ (class 6)

Note: Agrees with implicit Droṇam.

इषु-संघातान् (iṣu-saṁghātān) - volleys of arrows, multitudes of arrows

(compound noun)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (iṣu+saṃghāta)

• iṣu – arrow
  noun (masculine)
• saṃghāta – collection, accumulation, mass, volley
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root han with prefixes sam-gha
  Root: han (class 2)

रुक्म-पुङ्खान् (rukma-puṅkhān) - Describing the arrows as having shafts made of gold. (golden-shafted, having golden quills)

(compound adjective)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (rukma+puṅkha)

• rukma – gold, golden
  noun (neuter)
• puṅkha – feather-part of an arrow, shaft, tail-end of an arrow
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agrees with iṣu-saṃghātān.

अनेकशः (anekaśaḥ) - repeatedly, in great numbers, manifold

(indeclinable)

Derived from aneka (many) with suffix -śas