महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-8, verse-23

ननु रुक्मरथं दृष्ट्वा प्रद्रवन्ति स्म पाण्डवाः ।
दिव्यमस्त्रं विकुर्वाणं सेनां क्षिण्वन्तमव्ययम् ॥२३॥

23. nanu rukmarathaṁ dṛṣṭvā pradravanti sma pāṇḍavāḥ ,
divyamastraṁ vikurvāṇaṁ senāṁ kṣiṇvantamavyayam.

23. nanu rukmaratham dṛṣṭvā pradravanti sma pāṇḍavāḥ
divyam astram vikurvāṇam senām kṣiṇvantam avyayam

23. nanu pāṇḍavāḥ rukmaratham divyam astram vikurvāṇam
senām kṣiṇvantam avyayam dṛṣṭvā pradravanti sma?

23. Did not the Pandavas, upon seeing him in his golden chariot, displaying divine weapons and annihilating the inexhaustible army, flee?

Words meanings summery:

• ननु (nanu) - (rhetorical question particle) (surely, indeed, is it not?)

• रुक्मरथम् (rukmaratham) - Drona, in his golden chariot (golden-charioted)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, having perceived

• प्रद्रवन्ति (pradravanti) - they run forth, they flee

• स्म (sma) - (indicates past tense) (particle used to denote past tense with present verbs)

• पाण्डवाः (pāṇḍavāḥ) - the Pandavas (sons of Pandu)

• दिव्यम् (divyam) - divine, heavenly, celestial

• अस्त्रम् (astram) - weapon, missile

• विकुर्वाणम् (vikurvāṇam) - displaying (divine weapons) (displaying, performing, changing, transforming)

• सेनाम् (senām) - army, host

• क्षिण्वन्तम् (kṣiṇvantam) - annihilating (destroying, diminishing, wasting)

• अव्ययम् (avyayam) - inexhaustible (referring to the army) (undecaying, inexhaustible, imperishable)

Words meanings and morphology

ननु (nanu) - (rhetorical question particle) (surely, indeed, is it not?)

(indeclinable)

Particle

रुक्मरथम् (rukmaratham) - Drona, in his golden chariot (golden-charioted)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rukmaratha

rukmaratha - having a golden chariot

Bahuvrīhi compound: 'rukma' (gold) + 'ratha' (chariot)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (rukma+ratha)

• rukma – gold, golden, brilliant
  noun (neuter)
• ratha – chariot, car, warrior
  noun (masculine)

Note: Modifies the implied Drona.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, having perceived

(indeclinable)

Absolutive / Gerund

From root 'dṛś' (class 1)

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Expresses action prior to 'pradravanti'.

प्रद्रवन्ति (pradravanti) - they run forth, they flee

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of pra-dru

Present active indicative

From 'pra' (prefix) + root 'dru' (to run)

Prefix: pra

Root: dru (class 1)

Note: Used with 'sma' to denote past habitual action or simple past.

स्म (sma) - (indicates past tense) (particle used to denote past tense with present verbs)

(indeclinable)

Particle

पाण्डवाः (pāṇḍavāḥ) - the Pandavas (sons of Pandu)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - son of Pāṇḍu, descendant of Pāṇḍu

From 'pāṇḍu' + 'aṇ' suffix

Note: Subject of 'pradravanti'.

दिव्यम् (divyam) - divine, heavenly, celestial

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of divya

divya - divine, heavenly, celestial, supernatural

From 'div' (heaven) + 'yat' suffix

अस्त्रम् (astram) - weapon, missile

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of astra

astra - weapon, missile, projectile, a magical weapon

From root 'as' (to throw)

Root: as (class 4)

विकुर्वाणम् (vikurvāṇam) - displaying (divine weapons) (displaying, performing, changing, transforming)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vi-kṛ

vi-kṛ - to change, to transform, to perform, to display

Present Middle Participle

From 'vi' (prefix) + root 'kṛ' (to do, make)

Prefix: vi

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Describes Drona.

सेनाम् (senām) - army, host

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of senā

senā - army, host, battle array

क्षिण्वन्तम् (kṣiṇvantam) - annihilating (destroying, diminishing, wasting)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kṣiṇvat

kṣiṇvat - diminishing, destroying, exhausting

Present Active Participle

From root 'kṣi' (to destroy, diminish) + 'śatṛ' suffix.

Root: kṣi (class 5)

Note: Describes Drona.

अव्ययम् (avyayam) - inexhaustible (referring to the army) (undecaying, inexhaustible, imperishable)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of avyaya

avyaya - undecaying, imperishable, inexhaustible, unchanging; also an indeclinable word

'a' (not) + 'vi' (prefix) + 'aya' (going, decay)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+vyaya)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• vyaya – expenditure, decay, loss, going apart
  noun (masculine)
  From 'vi' + root 'i' (to go)
  Prefix: vi
  Root: i (class 2)

Note: Modifies 'senām'.