महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-8, verse-19

ते स्म रुक्मरथे युक्ता नरवीरसमाहिताः ।
कथं नाभ्यतरंस्तात पाण्डवानामनीकिनीम् ॥१९॥

19. te sma rukmarathe yuktā naravīrasamāhitāḥ ,
kathaṁ nābhyataraṁstāta pāṇḍavānāmanīkinīm.

19. te sma rukmarathe yuktāḥ naravīrasamāhitāḥ
katham na abhyataran tāta pāṇḍavānām anīkinīm

19. te rukmarathe yuktāḥ,
naravīrasamāhitāḥ [ca],
pāṇḍavānām anīkinīm katham na abhyataran,
tāta?

19. How is it, dear one (tāta), that they, yoked in the golden chariot and steadfast like heroes among men, did not pierce the Pāṇḍava army?

Words meanings summery:

• ते (te) - the horses (from previous verses) (they)

• स्म (sma) - particle indicating past tense

• रुक्मरथे (rukmarathe) - in the golden chariot

• युक्ताः (yuktāḥ) - harnessed (to the chariot) (yoked, harnessed, endowed with)

• नरवीरसमाहिताः (naravīrasamāhitāḥ) - steadfast like heroes among men, composed like human heroes

• कथम् (katham) - how is it that, why (how, why)

• न (na) - not, no

• अभ्यतरन् (abhyataran) - they pierced, they advanced through (they crossed, they overcame)

• तात (tāta) - dear Sanjaya (Dhṛtarāṣṭra speaking) (dear one, father, son)

• पाण्डवानाम् (pāṇḍavānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas

• अनीकिनीम् (anīkinīm) - army

Words meanings and morphology

ते (te) - the horses (from previous verses) (they)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Refers to the horses and possibly the charioteer (Droṇa).

स्म (sma) - particle indicating past tense

(indeclinable)

रुक्मरथे (rukmarathe) - in the golden chariot

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of rukmaratha

rukmaratha - golden chariot

Compound: rukma (gold) + ratha (chariot).

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (rukma+ratha)

• rukma – gold, golden
  noun (neuter)
• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ramh (class 1)

Note: Refers to Droṇa's chariot.

युक्ताः (yuktāḥ) - harnessed (to the chariot) (yoked, harnessed, endowed with)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of yukta

yukta - yoked, joined, connected, proper, diligent, concentrated, absorbed (yoga)

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root yuj (to join, yoke) with kta suffix.

Root: yuj (class 7)

नरवीरसमाहिताः (naravīrasamāhitāḥ) - steadfast like heroes among men, composed like human heroes

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of naravīrasamāhita

naravīrasamāhita - steady/composed/concentrated like a hero among men

Compound: nara (man) + vīra (hero) + samāhita (composed/steady).

Compound type : Upamāna Tatpuruṣa (nara+vīra+samāhita)

• nara – man, human
  noun (masculine)
  Root: nṛ (class 1)
• vīra – hero, brave man, warrior
  noun (masculine)
• samāhita – composed, collected, steadfast, concentrated (dhyāna)
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from sam- + ā- + dhā (to place, fix).
  Prefixes: sam+ā
  Root: dhā (class 3)

कथम् (katham) - how is it that, why (how, why)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

अभ्यतरन् (abhyataran) - they pierced, they advanced through (they crossed, they overcame)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, imperfect past (laṅ) of abhitṛ

imperfect past tense, 3rd person plural

Root tṛ with prefix abhi-. From 'abhi-' + 'a-taran'.

Prefix: abhi

Root: tṛ (class 1)

तात (tāta) - dear Sanjaya (Dhṛtarāṣṭra speaking) (dear one, father, son)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of tāta

tāta - dear one (form of address for a father, son, or revered person)

पाण्डवानाम् (pāṇḍavānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, son of Pāṇḍu

Patronymic from Pāṇḍu.

Note: Possessive for 'anīkinīm'.

अनीकिनीम् (anīkinīm) - army

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of anīkinī

anīkinī - army, host, forces, a specific division of an army (akhauni)

Note: Object of 'abhyataran'.