महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-111, verse-1

धृतराष्ट्र उवाच ।
कथं शांतनवो भीष्मो दशमेऽहनि संजय ।
अयुध्यत महावीर्यैः पाण्डवैः सहसृञ्जयैः ॥१॥

1. dhṛtarāṣṭra uvāca ,
kathaṁ śāṁtanavo bhīṣmo daśame'hani saṁjaya ,
ayudhyata mahāvīryaiḥ pāṇḍavaiḥ sahasṛñjayaiḥ.

1. dhṛtarāṣṭra uvāca | katham śāntanavaḥ bhīṣmaḥ daśame ahani
saṃjaya | ayudhyata mahāvīryaiḥ pāṇḍavaiḥ sahasṛñjayaiḥ

1. dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ uvāca saṃjaya katham śāntanavaḥ bhīṣmaḥ
daśame ahani mahāvīryaiḥ sahasṛñjayaiḥ pāṇḍavaiḥ ayudhyata

1. Dhṛtarāṣṭra said: O Sañjaya, how did Bhīṣma, son of Śāntanu, fight on the tenth day against the exceedingly powerful Pāṇḍavas along with the Sṛñjayas?

Words meanings summery:

• धृतराष्ट्र (dhṛtarāṣṭra) - King Dhṛtarāṣṭra (Dhṛtarāṣṭra (proper name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

• कथम् (katham) - how (did it happen)? (how? in what manner?)

• शान्तनवः (śāntanavaḥ) - Bhīṣma, the son of Śāntanu (son of Śāntanu)

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhīṣma (the general being asked about) (Bhīṣma)

• दशमे (daśame) - on the tenth (day) (on the tenth)

• अहनि (ahani) - on the day (on the day, in the day)

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sañjaya (Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator) (O Sañjaya)

• अयुध्यत (ayudhyata) - fought (in battle) (fought, contended)

• महावीर्यैः (mahāvīryaiḥ) - with the exceedingly powerful (Pandavas and Srinjayas) (with exceedingly powerful, with great valor)

• पाण्डवैः (pāṇḍavaiḥ) - with the Pāṇḍavas (the enemy side) (by the Pāṇḍavas, with the Pāṇḍavas)

• सहसृञ्जयैः (sahasṛñjayaiḥ) - with the Sṛñjayas (allies of the Pāṇḍavas) (with the Sṛñjayas, along with the Sṛñjayas)

Words meanings and morphology

धृतराष्ट्र (dhṛtarāṣṭra) - King Dhṛtarāṣṭra (Dhṛtarāṣṭra (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhṛtarāṣṭra

dhṛtarāṣṭra - Dhṛtarāṣṭra (proper name, 'he who upholds the kingdom')

Compound dhṛta (held/supported) + rāṣṭra (kingdom).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dhṛta+rāṣṭra)

• dhṛta – held, supported, borne
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root dhṛ 'to hold, support'.
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• rāṣṭra – kingdom, realm, country
  noun (neuter)
  From root rāj 'to rule'.
  Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: This is the speaker.

उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Tense

Root vac (class 2) 'to speak'. The form uvāca is perfect, 3rd person singular, Parasmaipada.

Root: vac (class 2)

कथम् (katham) - how (did it happen)? (how? in what manner?)

(indeclinable)

Interrogative adverb.

शान्तनवः (śāntanavaḥ) - Bhīṣma, the son of Śāntanu (son of Śāntanu)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śāntanava

śāntanava - descendant of Śāntanu, son of Śāntanu

Apatya (patronymic) derivation from Śāntanu.

Note: Appositive to Bhīṣmaḥ.

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhīṣma (the general being asked about) (Bhīṣma)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhīṣma (proper name), formidable

From root bhī 'to fear' + suffix -ṣma.

Root: bhī (class 3)

Note: Subject of ayudhyata.

दशमे (daśame) - on the tenth (day) (on the tenth)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of daśama

daśama - tenth

From daśan 'ten' + ordinal suffix -ma.

अहनि (ahani) - on the day (on the day, in the day)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of ahan

ahan - day

n-stem noun.

Note: Denotes time.

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sañjaya (Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator) (O Sañjaya)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Sañjaya (proper name, 'victorious', 'triumphant')

From sam + √ji 'to conquer'.

Prefix: sam

Root: ji (class 1)

अयुध्यत (ayudhyata) - fought (in battle) (fought, contended)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of yudh

Imperfect Tense

Root yudh (class 4) 'to fight'. The form ayudhyata is imperfect, 3rd person singular, Ātmanepada.

Root: yudh (class 4)

महावीर्यैः (mahāvīryaiḥ) - with the exceedingly powerful (Pandavas and Srinjayas) (with exceedingly powerful, with great valor)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of mahāvīrya

mahāvīrya - exceedingly powerful, of great valor/energy

Compound of mahā (great) + vīrya (power, valor).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+vīrya)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• vīrya – valor, strength, power, heroism
  noun (neuter)
  From vīra 'hero' + suffix -ya.
  Root: vīr

Note: Used with the verb ayudhyata, which implies fighting *with* or *against* these groups.

पाण्डवैः (pāṇḍavaiḥ) - with the Pāṇḍavas (the enemy side) (by the Pāṇḍavas, with the Pāṇḍavas)

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, a Pāṇḍava

Apatya (patronymic) derivation from Pāṇḍu.

Note: Denotes those being fought against.

सहसृञ्जयैः (sahasṛñjayaiḥ) - with the Sṛñjayas (allies of the Pāṇḍavas) (with the Sṛñjayas, along with the Sṛñjayas)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of sahasṛñjaya

sahasṛñjaya - accompanied by Sṛñjayas, along with Sṛñjayas

Bahuvrīhi compound, meaning 'one who has the Sṛñjayas (with him)'.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (saha+sṛñjaya)

• saha – with, together with
  indeclinable
  Used as a prefix in compounds to mean 'accompanied by'.
• sṛñjaya – Sṛñjaya (name of an ancient tribe/king)
  proper noun (masculine)

Note: Instrumental form indicating accompaniment or opposition in battle, agreeing with pāṇḍavaiḥ.