महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-105, verse-1

धृतराष्ट्र उवाच ।
कथं शिखण्डी गाङ्गेयमभ्यधावत्पितामहम् ।
पाञ्चाल्यः समरे क्रुद्धो धर्मात्मानं यतव्रतम् ॥१॥

1. dhṛtarāṣṭra uvāca ,
kathaṁ śikhaṇḍī gāṅgeyamabhyadhāvatpitāmaham ,
pāñcālyaḥ samare kruddho dharmātmānaṁ yatavratam.

1. dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ uvāca katham śikhaṇḍī gāṅgeyam abhyadhāvat
pitāmaham pāñcālyaḥ samare kruddhaḥ dharmātmānam yatavratam

1. dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ uvāca katham pāñcālyaḥ śikhaṇḍī samare kruddhaḥ
dharmātmānam yatavratam gāṅgeyam pitāmaham abhyadhāvat

1. Dhṛtarāṣṭra said: How did Śikhaṇḍī, the Pāñcāla prince, enraged in battle, charge at grandfather (Bhīṣma), the son of Gaṅgā, who had a righteous intrinsic nature (dharmātman) and was of firm vows?

Words meanings summery:

• धृतराष्ट्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ) - Dhritarashtra (name of a king)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

• शिखण्डी (śikhaṇḍī) - Shikhandi (name of a warrior)

• गाङ्गेयम् (gāṅgeyam) - Refers to Bhīṣma. (son of Ganga)

• अभ्यधावत् (abhyadhāvat) - he rushed towards, he attacked

• पितामहम् (pitāmaham) - Refers to Bhīṣma. (grandfather)

• पाञ्चाल्यः (pāñcālyaḥ) - Refers to Śikhaṇḍī. (the prince of Pancala, a Pancala)

• समरे (samare) - in battle, in combat

• क्रुद्धः (kruddhaḥ) - enraged, angry, furious

• धर्मात्मानम् (dharmātmānam) - Refers to Bhīṣma. (one whose soul/nature is (natural law) dharma, righteous-souled)

• यतव्रतम् (yatavratam) - Refers to Bhīṣma. (one whose vows are restrained, one of firm vows)

Words meanings and morphology

धृतराष्ट्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ) - Dhritarashtra (name of a king)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhṛtarāṣṭra

dhṛtarāṣṭra - Dhritarashtra, son of Vyāsa and Ambikā, king of Hastināpura

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dhṛta+rāṣṭra)

• dhṛta – held, borne, maintained
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root dhṛ
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• rāṣṭra – kingdom, realm, country
  noun (neuter)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect past (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice

Irregular perfect form of root vac.

Root: vac (class 2)

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

शिखण्डी (śikhaṇḍī) - Shikhandi (name of a warrior)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śikhaṇḍin

śikhaṇḍin - one with a top-knot, crested, a peacock, name of a Pāñcāla prince

गाङ्गेयम् (gāṅgeyam) - Refers to Bhīṣma. (son of Ganga)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of gāṅgeya

gāṅgeya - son of Gaṅgā, relating to Gaṅgā

Patronymic for Bhīṣma, whose mother was the river goddess Gaṅgā.

Note: Refers to Bhīṣma.

अभ्यधावत् (abhyadhāvat) - he rushed towards, he attacked

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of abhyadhāv

Imperfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice

Root dhāv with prefix abhi-. Past tense augment 'a' and personal ending.

Prefix: abhi

Root: dhāv (class 1)

पितामहम् (pitāmaham) - Refers to Bhīṣma. (grandfather)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - paternal grandfather, an epithet of Brahmā

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (pitṛ+maha)

• pitṛ – father, ancestor
  noun (masculine)
• maha – great, mighty
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Refers to Bhīṣma.

पाञ्चाल्यः (pāñcālyaḥ) - Refers to Śikhaṇḍī. (the prince of Pancala, a Pancala)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pāñcālya

pāñcālya - a native or prince of the Pañcālas (a tribe/kingdom)

Patronymic or gentile derivation from Pañcāla.

Note: Refers to Śikhaṇḍī.

समरे (samare) - in battle, in combat

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of samara

samara - battle, war, conflict, encounter

Root: sam-ṛ (class 1)

क्रुद्धः (kruddhaḥ) - enraged, angry, furious

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kruddha

kruddha - angry, enraged, provoked, wrathful

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root krudh.

Root: krudh (class 4)

Note: Qualifies Śikhaṇḍī.

धर्मात्मानम् (dharmātmānam) - Refers to Bhīṣma. (one whose soul/nature is (natural law) dharma, righteous-souled)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharmātman

dharmātman - one whose soul is (natural law) dharma, righteous-souled, virtuous, pious, possessing a moral nature

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dharma+ātman)

• dharma – (natural law) dharma, constitution, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty
  noun (masculine)
• ātman – soul, self, spirit, essence
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies Bhīṣma.

यतव्रतम् (yatavratam) - Refers to Bhīṣma. (one whose vows are restrained, one of firm vows)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yatavrata

yatavrata - one whose vows are restrained, observant of vows, ascetic

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (yata+vrata)

• yata – restrained, controlled, guided
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root yam.
  Root: yam (class 1)
• vrata – vow, sacred observance, religious practice
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies Bhīṣma.