महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-43, verse-12

धर्मश्च सत्यं च दमस्तपश्च अमात्सर्यं ह्रीस्तितिक्षानसूया ।
यज्ञश्च दानं च धृतिः श्रुतं च महाव्रता द्वादश ब्राह्मणस्य ॥१२॥

12. dharmaśca satyaṁ ca damastapaśca; amātsaryaṁ hrīstitikṣānasūyā ,
yajñaśca dānaṁ ca dhṛtiḥ śrutaṁ ca; mahāvratā dvādaśa brāhmaṇasya.

12. dharmaḥ ca satyam ca damaḥ tapaḥ
ca amātsaryam hrīḥ titikṣā anasūyā
yajñaḥ ca dānam ca dhṛtiḥ śrutam
ca mahāvratāḥ dvādaśa brāhmaṇasya

12. dharmaḥ ca satyam ca damaḥ tapaḥ
ca amātsaryam hrīḥ titikṣā anasūyā
yajñaḥ ca dānam ca dhṛtiḥ śrutam
ca dvādaśa mahāvratāḥ brāhmaṇasya

12. The natural law (dharma), truthfulness, self-restraint, austerity (tapas), freedom from jealousy, modesty, forbearance, non-malice, the Vedic ritual (yajña), charity (dāna), fortitude, and sacred knowledge – these are the twelve great observances (mahāvratā) for a Brahmin.

Words meanings summery:

• धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - natural law, constitution, righteousness, duty

• च (ca) - and

• सत्यम् (satyam) - truthfulness

• च (ca) - and

• दमः (damaḥ) - self-restraint, control

• तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity

• च (ca) - and

• अमात्सर्यम् (amātsaryam) - non-envy, freedom from jealousy

• ह्रीः (hrīḥ) - modesty, shame, humility

• तितिक्षा (titikṣā) - endurance, forbearance, patience

• अनसूया (anasūyā) - non-malice, absence of envy, benevolence

• यज्ञः (yajñaḥ) - Vedic ritual

• च (ca) - and

• दानम् (dānam) - charity

• च (ca) - and

• धृतिः (dhṛtiḥ) - fortitude, steadfastness

• श्रुतम् (śrutam) - sacred knowledge, learning, what has been heard

• च (ca) - and

• महाव्रताः (mahāvratāḥ) - great vows, great observances

• द्वादश (dvādaśa) - twelve

• ब्राह्मणस्य (brāhmaṇasya) - of a Brahmin

Words meanings and morphology

धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - natural law, constitution, righteousness, duty

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

सत्यम् (satyam) - truthfulness

(noun)

neuter, singular of satya

satya - truth, truthfulness, real

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

दमः (damaḥ) - self-restraint, control

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dama

dama - self-restraint, control, self-mastery

Root: dam (class 1)

तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity

(noun)

neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, heat, spiritual fervor

Root: tap (class 1)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

अमात्सर्यम् (amātsaryam) - non-envy, freedom from jealousy

(noun)

neuter, singular of amātsarya

amātsarya - non-envy, freedom from jealousy, absence of malice

Derived from a-matsara (not jealous) with ṣyañ suffix

Compound type : nañ-tatpurusha (a+mātsarya)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• mātsarya – envy, jealousy, covetousness
  noun (neuter)

ह्रीः (hrīḥ) - modesty, shame, humility

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of hrī

hrī - modesty, shame (in a virtuous sense), humility, bashfulness

Root: hrī (class 1)

तितिक्षा (titikṣā) - endurance, forbearance, patience

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of titikṣā

titikṣā - endurance, forbearance, patience, fortitude

From desiderative of root tij (to bear, endure)

Root: tij (class 1)

अनसूया (anasūyā) - non-malice, absence of envy, benevolence

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of anasūyā

anasūyā - non-malice, absence of envy, benevolence, goodwill

From a-nasūyā (not envying)

Compound type : nañ-tatpurusha (a+asūyā)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• asūyā – envy, malice, resentment
  noun (feminine)

यज्ञः (yajñaḥ) - Vedic ritual

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yajña

yajña - Vedic ritual, offering, worship, sacrifice

Root: yaj (class 1)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

दानम् (dānam) - charity

(noun)

neuter, singular of dāna

dāna - charity, giving, gift

Root: dā (class 3)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

धृतिः (dhṛtiḥ) - fortitude, steadfastness

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of dhṛti

dhṛti - fortitude, steadfastness, firmness, courage

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

श्रुतम् (śrutam) - sacred knowledge, learning, what has been heard

(noun)

neuter, singular of śruta

śruta - sacred knowledge, learning, what has been heard (Vedic revelation)

Past Passive Participle

From root śru (to hear)

Root: śru (class 5)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

महाव्रताः (mahāvratāḥ) - great vows, great observances

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mahāvrata

mahāvrata - great vow, great observance, major religious practice

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+vrata)

• mahā – great, large
  adjective (feminine)
• vrata – vow, observance, religious practice, rule
  noun (neuter)

द्वादश (dvādaśa) - twelve

(numeral)

ब्राह्मणस्य (brāhmaṇasya) - of a Brahmin

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of brāhmaṇa

brāhmaṇa - Brahmin, one belonging to the priestly class, a Vedic scholar