महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-18, verse-30

तं दृष्ट्वा व्यापृतं गोषु वत्सचर्मक्षपाशयम् ।
सहदेवं युधां श्रेष्ठं किं नु जीवामि पाण्डव ॥३०॥

30. taṁ dṛṣṭvā vyāpṛtaṁ goṣu vatsacarmakṣapāśayam ,
sahadevaṁ yudhāṁ śreṣṭhaṁ kiṁ nu jīvāmi pāṇḍava.

30. tam dṛṣṭvā vyāpṛtam goṣu vatsacarmakṣapāśayam |
sahadevam yudhām śreṣṭham kim nu jīvāmi pāṇḍava

30. Having seen him busy with the cows, sleeping at night on a calfskin—Sahadeva, the foremost among warriors—how can I possibly continue to live, O Pāṇḍava?

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him, that (one)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• व्यापृतम् (vyāpṛtam) - engaged, occupied, busy

• गोषु (goṣu) - among the cows, with the cows

• वत्सचर्मक्षपाशयम् (vatsacarmakṣapāśayam) - sleeping on a calf's hide at night, having a calfskin as a nightly bed

• सहदेवम् (sahadevam) - Sahadeva

• युधाम् (yudhām) - Used in the sense 'among warriors' to form a superlative comparison. (of warriors, among battles)

• श्रेष्ठम् (śreṣṭham) - best, foremost

• किम् (kim) - what, how

• नु (nu) - now, then, indeed

• जीवामि (jīvāmi) - I live, I survive

• पाण्डव (pāṇḍava) - Addressing Yudhishthira. (O son of Pāṇḍu, O Pāṇḍava)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him, that (one)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Object of dṛṣṭvā.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive / Gerund

Derived from root √dṛś (to see) with suffix -tvā.

Root: √dṛś (class 1)

Note: Forms a compound verb with the main verb, indicating a prior action.

व्यापृतम् (vyāpṛtam) - engaged, occupied, busy

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vyāpṛta

vyāpṛta - engaged, occupied, busy, employed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root √pṛ (to exert) with upasargas vi- and ā-.

Prefixes: vi+ā

Root: √pṛ (class 3)

Note: Adjective modifying tam.

गोषु (goṣu) - among the cows, with the cows

(noun)

Locative, feminine, plural of go

go - cow, ox, cattle, earth, ray of light

Note: Indicates the sphere of engagement.

वत्सचर्मक्षपाशयम् (vatsacarmakṣapāśayam) - sleeping on a calf's hide at night, having a calfskin as a nightly bed

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vatsacarmakṣapāśaya

vatsacarmakṣapāśaya - having a calf's skin as a bed for the night, sleeping on a calfskin at night

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (vatsa+carma+kṣapā+āśaya)

• vatsa – calf, son, young animal
  noun (masculine)
• carma – skin, hide, leather
  noun (neuter)
• kṣapā – night
  noun (feminine)
• āśaya – bed, resting place, abode, intention
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root √śī (to lie, to sleep) with upasarga ā-.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: √śī (class 2)

Note: Adjective modifying tam.

सहदेवम् (sahadevam) - Sahadeva

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sahadeva

sahadeva - Sahadeva (name of the youngest Pāṇḍava)

Note: Appositive to tam.

युधाम् (yudhām) - Used in the sense 'among warriors' to form a superlative comparison. (of warriors, among battles)

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, plural of yudh

yudh - battle, fight, warrior

Note: Part of genitive of comparison with śreṣṭham.

श्रेष्ठम् (śreṣṭham) - best, foremost

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śreṣṭha

śreṣṭha - best, most excellent, chief, foremost

Superlative degree of praśasya (praiseworthy).

Note: Adjective modifying sahadevam.

किम् (kim) - what, how

(indeclinable)

Note: Used to form a question, conveying a sense of impossibility or despair.

नु (nu) - now, then, indeed

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes the question.

जीवामि (jīvāmi) - I live, I survive

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of √jīv

present tense

Conjugation of √jīv in present indicative.

Root: √jīv (class 1)

Note: The speaker is Draupadī.

पाण्डव (pāṇḍava) - Addressing Yudhishthira. (O son of Pāṇḍu, O Pāṇḍava)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, son of Pāṇḍu

Patronymic derived from Pāṇḍu.

Note: Addresses Yudhishthira.