महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-2, chapter-46, verse-1

जनमेजय उवाच ।
कथं समभवद्द्यूतं भ्रातॄणां तन्महात्ययम् ।
यत्र तद्व्यसनं प्राप्तं पाण्डवैर्मे पितामहैः ॥१॥

1. janamejaya uvāca ,
kathaṁ samabhavaddyūtaṁ bhrātṝṇāṁ tanmahātyayam ,
yatra tadvyasanaṁ prāptaṁ pāṇḍavairme pitāmahaiḥ.

1. janamejaya uvāca katham sam abhavat dyūtam bhrātṛṇām tat
mahātyayam yatra tat vyasanam prāptam pāṇḍavaiḥ me pitāmahaiḥ

1. Janamejaya said: 'How did that dice game, which brought great destruction, arise among the brothers? And how did my grandfathers, the Pāṇḍavas, incur that misfortune in it?'

Words meanings summery:

• जनमेजय (janamejaya) - Janamejaya

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

• सम् (sam) - together, completely

• अभवत् (abhavat) - arose, happened, became

• द्यूतम् (dyūtam) - dice game, gambling

• भ्रातृणाम् (bhrātṛṇām) - of the brothers

• तत् (tat) - that particular dice game (that)

• महात्ययम् (mahātyayam) - causing great destruction, bringing great calamity

• यत्र (yatra) - in which (dice game) (where, in which)

• तत् (tat) - that specific misfortune (that)

• व्यसनम् (vyasanam) - misfortune, calamity, distress

• प्राप्तम् (prāptam) - obtained, reached, incurred

• पाण्डवैः (pāṇḍavaiḥ) - by the Pāṇḍavas

• मे (me) - by my (grandfathers) (my, to me, for me)

• पितामहैः (pitāmahaiḥ) - by my grandfathers (the Pāṇḍavas) (by grandfathers)

Words meanings and morphology

जनमेजय (janamejaya) - Janamejaya

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of janamejaya

janamejaya - Janamejaya (proper name, a king, grandson of Arjuna)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense (lit) of root vac

Root: vac (class 2)

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

सम् (sam) - together, completely

(indeclinable)

prefix

Note: prefix to 'abhavat'

अभवत् (abhavat) - arose, happened, became

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of bhū

Imperfect tense of root bhū

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: verb is `sambhavat` (sam + abhavat)

द्यूतम् (dyūtam) - dice game, gambling

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of dyūta

dyūta - dice game, gambling, game of chance

भ्रातृणाम् (bhrātṛṇām) - of the brothers

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of bhrātṛ

bhrātṛ - brother

तत् (tat) - that particular dice game (that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: qualifies 'dyūtam'

महात्ययम् (mahātyayam) - causing great destruction, bringing great calamity

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mahātyaya

mahātyaya - great destruction, great calamity, leading to great ruin

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+atyaya)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• atyaya – passing away, destruction, transgression, calamity
  noun (masculine)
  prefix ati + root i (to go)
  Prefix: ati
  Root: i (class 2)

Note: qualifies 'dyūtam'

यत्र (yatra) - in which (dice game) (where, in which)

(indeclinable)

तत् (tat) - that specific misfortune (that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: qualifies 'vyasanam'

व्यसनम् (vyasanam) - misfortune, calamity, distress

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vyasana

vyasana - misfortune, calamity, vice, addiction

प्राप्तम् (prāptam) - obtained, reached, incurred

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of prāpta

prāpta - obtained, reached, gained

past passive participle

root āp (to obtain) with prefix pra

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

Note: qualifies 'vyasanam'

पाण्डवैः (pāṇḍavaiḥ) - by the Pāṇḍavas

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - son of Pāṇḍu, a Pāṇḍava

मे (me) - by my (grandfathers) (my, to me, for me)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of asmad

asmad - I, me

Note: also can be dative singular; refers to Janamejaya

पितामहैः (pitāmahaiḥ) - by my grandfathers (the Pāṇḍavas) (by grandfathers)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - grandfather