महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-181, verse-16

किं त्वं साक्षाद्धनुर्वेदो रामो वा विप्रसत्तम ।
अथ साक्षाद्धरिहयः साक्षाद्वा विष्णुरच्युतः ॥१६॥

16. kiṁ tvaṁ sākṣāddhanurvedo rāmo vā viprasattama ,
atha sākṣāddharihayaḥ sākṣādvā viṣṇuracyutaḥ.

16. kim tvam sākṣāt dhanurvedaḥ rāmaḥ vā viprasattama
atha sākṣāt harihayaḥ sākṣāt vā viṣṇuḥ acyutaḥ

16. O best among Brahmins, are you directly the science of archery (Dhanurveda) personified, or Rāma himself? Or are you directly Indra (Harihaya), or directly the immutable Viṣṇu?

Words meanings summery:

• किम् (kim) - interrogative particle (what, whether, are you)

• त्वम् (tvam) - you

• साक्षात् (sākṣāt) - directly, visibly, in person

• धनुर्वेदः (dhanurvedaḥ) - the science of archery

• रामः (rāmaḥ) - Likely Paraśurāma, given the context of a Brahmin warrior and proficiency in weapons. (Rama (Parashurama or Ramachandra))

• वा (vā) - or

• विप्रसत्तम (viprasattama) - O best of Brahmins

• अथ (atha) - introduces another possibility in the question (or, moreover, now)

• साक्षात् (sākṣāt) - directly, visibly, in person

• हरिहयः (harihayaḥ) - Indra (he whose horses are yellowish-green)

• साक्षात् (sākṣāt) - directly, visibly, in person

• वा (vā) - or

• विष्णुः (viṣṇuḥ) - Vishnu

• अच्युतः (acyutaḥ) - the immutable one, Krishna/Vishnu

Words meanings and morphology

किम् (kim) - interrogative particle (what, whether, are you)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative particle.

त्वम् (tvam) - you

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Note: Subject of the implicit verb 'are'.

साक्षात् (sākṣāt) - directly, visibly, in person

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes the direct manifestation.

धनुर्वेदः (dhanurvedaḥ) - the science of archery

(compound)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dhanus+veda)

• dhanus – bow, archery
  noun (neuter)
• veda – knowledge, science, sacred text
  noun (masculine)
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Predicate nominative.

रामः (rāmaḥ) - Likely Paraśurāma, given the context of a Brahmin warrior and proficiency in weapons. (Rama (Parashurama or Ramachandra))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rāma

rāma - Rāma (several figures, e.g., Paraśurāma, Ramachandra); pleasing, charming

Root: ram (class 1)

Note: Predicate nominative.

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

विप्रसत्तम (viprasattama) - O best of Brahmins

(compound)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (vipra+sattama)

• vipra – Brahmin, twice-born
  noun (masculine)
• sattama – best, most excellent
  adjective
  Superlative suffix -tama

Note: Karna is still addressing Arjuna in Brahmin disguise.

अथ (atha) - introduces another possibility in the question (or, moreover, now)

(indeclinable)

साक्षात् (sākṣāt) - directly, visibly, in person

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes the direct manifestation.

हरिहयः (harihayaḥ) - Indra (he whose horses are yellowish-green)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of harihaya

harihaya - Indra (whose horses are 'hari')

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (hari+haya)

• hari – yellowish-green, tawny; Vishnu, Indra
  noun (masculine)
• haya – horse
  noun (masculine)
  Root: hi (class 5)

Note: Predicate nominative.

साक्षात् (sākṣāt) - directly, visibly, in person

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes the direct manifestation.

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

विष्णुः (viṣṇuḥ) - Vishnu

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of viṣṇu

viṣṇu - Vishnu (a principal deity in Hinduism)

Root: viṣ (class 1)

Note: Predicate nominative.

अच्युतः (acyutaḥ) - the immutable one, Krishna/Vishnu

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of acyuta

acyuta - imperishable, immutable, firm, a name of Vishnu/Krishna

Past Passive Participle (negative)

Negative 'a' + cyuta (from root cyu 'to move')

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+cyuta)

• a – not, un-, non-
  indeclinable
• cyuta – fallen, moved, departed
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root cyu, 'to move, fall'
  Root: cyu (class 1)

Note: Qualifies Viṣṇu.