वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-40, verse-31

तमतिक्रम्य दुर्धर्षाः सूर्यवान्नाम पर्वतः ।
अध्वना दुर्विगाहेन योजनानि चतुर्दश ॥३१॥

31. tamatikramya durdharṣāḥ sūryavānnāma parvataḥ ,
adhvanā durvigāhena yojanāni caturdaśa.

31. tam atikramya durdharṣāḥ sūryavān nāma parvataḥ
adhvanā durvigāhena yojanāni caturdaśa

31. Having crossed that, there is an invincible mountain named Sūryavān, located fourteen yojanas away along a difficult-to-traverse path.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - that (previous mountain) (that, him)

• अतिक्रम्य (atikramya) - having gone past, having crossed over (having crossed, having surpassed)

• दुर्धर्षाः (durdharṣāḥ) - invincible (mountain) (invincible, unconquerable, difficult to overcome)

• सूर्यवान् (sūryavān) - named Sūryavān (possessing the sun, sunny, named Sūryavān)

• नाम (nāma) - named (by name, namely)

• पर्वतः (parvataḥ) - a mountain (mountain, hill)

• अध्वना (adhvanā) - along a path (by way, by road, by path)

• दुर्विगाहेन (durvigāhena) - by a path difficult to traverse (difficult to enter, difficult to traverse, inaccessible)

• योजनानि (yojanāni) - fourteen leagues (distance) (leagues, measures of distance (approx. 8-16 km))

• चतुर्दश (caturdaśa) - fourteen (yojanas) (fourteen)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - that (previous mountain) (that, him)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, it

Note: Object of the absolutive `atikramya`.

अतिक्रम्य (atikramya) - having gone past, having crossed over (having crossed, having surpassed)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root √kram (to step, go) with prefix ati-.

Prefix: ati

Root: kram (class 1)

दुर्धर्षाः (durdharṣāḥ) - invincible (mountain) (invincible, unconquerable, difficult to overcome)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of durdharṣa

durdharṣa - invincible, unconquerable, difficult to overcome

Gerundive/Future Passive Participle

Compound of 'dur-' (difficult) and 'dharṣa' (to be dared/attacked), from root √dhṛṣ (to dare, attack).

Prefix: dur

Root: dhṛṣ (class 5)

Note: Agrees with `parvataḥ`.

सूर्यवान् (sūryavān) - named Sūryavān (possessing the sun, sunny, named Sūryavān)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sūryavat

sūryavat - possessing the sun, sunny, radiant like the sun, named Sūryavān

Derived from 'sūrya' (sun) with the possessive suffix '-vat'.

Note: Part of the name `sūryavān nāma parvataḥ`.

नाम (nāma) - named (by name, namely)

(indeclinable)

Used adverbially here as 'by name'.

Note: Used to introduce the name of the mountain.

पर्वतः (parvataḥ) - a mountain (mountain, hill)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of parvata

parvata - mountain, hill

Note: Subject of the implied verb 'is'.

अध्वना (adhvanā) - along a path (by way, by road, by path)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of adhvan

adhvan - road, path, journey, space

Note: Indicates the means or route.

दुर्विगाहेन (durvigāhena) - by a path difficult to traverse (difficult to enter, difficult to traverse, inaccessible)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of durvigāha

durvigāha - difficult to enter, difficult to traverse, inaccessible

Compound of 'dur-' (difficult) and 'vigāha' (entering), from √gāh (to dive, enter) with prefix vi-.

Prefixes: dur+vi

Root: gāh (class 1)

Note: Agrees with `adhvanā`.

योजनानि (yojanāni) - fourteen leagues (distance) (leagues, measures of distance (approx. 8-16 km))

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, plural of yojana

yojana - a measure of distance (varying, typically 8-16 km or 5-9 miles), league

From root √yuj (to yoke, join).

Root: yuj (class 7)

Note: Indicates the extent of the distance.

चतुर्दश (caturdaśa) - fourteen (yojanas) (fourteen)

(numeral)

Compound type : dvigu (catur+daśan)

• catur – four
  numeral
• daśan – ten
  numeral

Note: Agrees with `yojanāni`.

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