वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-3, chapter-33, verse-20

तपसा जितलोकानां कामगान्यभिसंपतन् ।
गन्धर्वाप्सरसश्चैव ददर्श धनदानुजः ॥२०॥

20. tapasā jitalokānāṃ kāmagānyabhisaṃpatan ,
gandharvāpsarasaścaiva dadarśa dhanadānujaḥ.

20. tapasā jitalokānām kāmagāni abhisaṃpatan
gandharvāpsarasaḥ ca eva dadarśa dhanadānujaḥ

20. dhanadānujaḥ tapasā jitalokānām kāmagāni
abhisaṃpatan gandharvāpsarasaḥ ca eva dadarśa

20. The younger brother of Dhanada (Kubera) saw wish-fulfilling aerial chariots (vimānāni) that were flying towards those who had conquered realms through spiritual austerity (tapas), and he also observed Gandharvas and Apsaras.

Words meanings summery:

• तपसा (tapasā) - by spiritual austerity (tapas) (by spiritual austerity, by penance, by heat)

• जितलोकानाम् (jitalokānām) - of those who have conquered worlds or realms

• कामगानि (kāmagāni) - wish-fulfilling (moving at will, going as desired, wish-fulfilling)

• अभिसंपतन् (abhisaṁpatan) - flying towards/approaching (flying towards, approaching, falling upon)

• गन्धर्वाप्सरसः (gandharvāpsarasaḥ) - Gandharvas and Apsaras (celestial musicians and nymphs)

• च (ca) - and, also

• एव (eva) - also (indeed, just, only, also)

• ददर्श (dadarśa) - he saw

• धनदानुजः (dhanadānujaḥ) - Ravana (as the younger brother of Kubera) (the younger brother of Dhanada (Kubera))

Words meanings and morphology

तपसा (tapasā) - by spiritual austerity (tapas) (by spiritual austerity, by penance, by heat)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - spiritual austerity, penance, heat, religious fervor

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Indicates the means by which worlds were conquered.

जितलोकानाम् (jitalokānām) - of those who have conquered worlds or realms

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of jitaloka

jitaloka - one who has conquered worlds

Compound type : Bahuvrīhi (jita+loka)

• jita – conquered, won
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root ji- 'to conquer'
  Root: ji (class 1)
• loka – world, realm, people
  noun (masculine)
  Root: lok (class 1)

Note: Refers to the category of people to whom the vimanas are flying.

कामगानि (kāmagāni) - wish-fulfilling (moving at will, going as desired, wish-fulfilling)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, plural of kāmaga

kāmaga - moving at will, going as desired

Compound type : Upapada Tatpuruṣa (kāma+ga)

• kāma – desire, will, wish
  noun (masculine)
  Root: kam (class 1)
• ga – going, moving, reaching
  suffix (masculine)
  Derived from root gam- 'to go'
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Refers to the aerial chariots (vimānāni) from the previous verse.

अभिसंपतन् (abhisaṁpatan) - flying towards/approaching (flying towards, approaching, falling upon)

(participle)

Accusative, neuter, plural of abhisaṃpatat

abhisaṁpatat - flying towards, approaching

Present Active Participle

Derived from root pat- 'to fly, fall' with prefixes abhi- and sam-

Prefixes: abhi+sam

Root: pat (class 1)

Note: Describes the ongoing action of the 'kāmagāni' (vimanas).

गन्धर्वाप्सरसः (gandharvāpsarasaḥ) - Gandharvas and Apsaras (celestial musicians and nymphs)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, plural of gandharvāpsaras

gandharvāpsaras - Gandharvas and Apsaras

Compound type : Dvandva (gandharva+apsaras)

• gandharva – celestial musician
  noun (masculine)
• apsaras – celestial nymph
  noun (feminine)

Note: One of the objects of 'dadarśa'.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'gandharvāpsarasaḥ' with the preceding objects.

एव (eva) - also (indeed, just, only, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes the preceding word 'gandharvāpsarasaḥ'.

ददर्श (dadarśa) - he saw

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of dṛś

Perfect Tense, 3rd person singular

Intransitive/Transitive verb from root dṛś- 'to see'

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: The main verb of the sentence, indicating the action performed by the subject.

धनदानुजः (dhanadānujaḥ) - Ravana (as the younger brother of Kubera) (the younger brother of Dhanada (Kubera))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhanadānuja

dhanadānuja - the younger brother of Dhanada (Kubera)

Compound type : Genitive Tatpuruṣa (dhanada+anuja)

• dhanada – giver of wealth (epithet of Kubera)
  proper noun (masculine)
• anuja – younger brother
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root jan- 'to be born' with prefix anu-
  Prefix: anu
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: The subject of the verb 'dadarśa'.