महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-16, verse-22

इन्द्र उवाच ।
कथं नु नहुषो राज्यं देवानां प्राप दुर्लभम् ।
तपसा केन वा युक्तः किंवीर्यो वा बृहस्पते ॥२२॥

22. indra uvāca ,
kathaṁ nu nahuṣo rājyaṁ devānāṁ prāpa durlabham ,
tapasā kena vā yuktaḥ kiṁvīryo vā bṛhaspate.

22. indraḥ uvāca katham nu nahuṣaḥ rājyam devānām prāpa
durlabham tapasā kena vā yuktaḥ kiṃvīryaḥ vā bṛhaspate

22. Indra said: "How indeed did Nahuṣa acquire the difficult-to-obtain kingship of the gods? With what kind of spiritual austerity (tapas) was he endowed, or what power (vīrya) does he possess, O Brihaspati?"

Words meanings summery:

• इन्द्रः (indraḥ) - Indra (Indra (king of the gods))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, spoke)

• कथम् (katham) - how (how, in what manner)

• नु (nu) - indeed (indeed, now, then (particle of interrogation/emphasis))

• नहुषः (nahuṣaḥ) - Nahuṣa (Nahuṣa (name of a king))

• राज्यम् (rājyam) - kingship (kingdom, sovereignty, rule)

• देवानाम् (devānām) - of the gods

• प्राप (prāpa) - did he acquire (he obtained, reached)

• दुर्लभम् (durlabham) - difficult-to-obtain (difficult to obtain, rare, inaccessible)

• तपसा (tapasā) - by spiritual austerity (tapas) (by austerity, by penance)

• केन (kena) - with what kind of (by what, by whom)

• वा (vā) - or (or, either)

• युक्तः (yuktaḥ) - was he endowed (endowed with, connected with, engaged in)

• किंवीर्यः (kiṁvīryaḥ) - what power (vīrya) does he possess (of what power, having what strength)

• वा (vā) - or (or, either)

• बृहस्पते (bṛhaspate) - O Brihaspati

Words meanings and morphology

इन्द्रः (indraḥ) - Indra (Indra (king of the gods))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of indra

indra - Indra, king of the gods

उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

कथम् (katham) - how (how, in what manner)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb

नु (nu) - indeed (indeed, now, then (particle of interrogation/emphasis))

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle

नहुषः (nahuṣaḥ) - Nahuṣa (Nahuṣa (name of a king))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nahuṣa

nahuṣa - Nahuṣa (name of an ancient king, who temporarily ruled Svarga)

राज्यम् (rājyam) - kingship (kingdom, sovereignty, rule)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of rājya

rājya - kingdom, sovereignty, rule

देवानाम् (devānām) - of the gods

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of deva

deva - god, deity

प्राप (prāpa) - did he acquire (he obtained, reached)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of prāp

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

दुर्लभम् (durlabham) - difficult-to-obtain (difficult to obtain, rare, inaccessible)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of durlabha

durlabha - difficult to obtain, rare, inaccessible

Gerundive

formed from verbal root labh with upasarga dur

Prefix: dur

Root: labh (class 1)

Note: Qualifies rājyam

तपसा (tapasā) - by spiritual austerity (tapas) (by austerity, by penance)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, spiritual heat

केन (kena) - with what kind of (by what, by whom)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of kim

kim - what, which, who

Note: Interrogative pronoun. Agrees with tapasā (neuter instrumental singular).

वा (vā) - or (or, either)

(indeclinable)

युक्तः (yuktaḥ) - was he endowed (endowed with, connected with, engaged in)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yukta

yukta - joined, yoked, united, engaged in, endowed with

Past Passive Participle

formed from verbal root yuj

Root: yuj (class 7)

Note: Qualifies nahuṣaḥ

किंवीर्यः (kiṁvīryaḥ) - what power (vīrya) does he possess (of what power, having what strength)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kiṃvīrya

kiṁvīrya - of what power, having what strength, what valor

Compound type : bahuvrihi (kim+vīrya)

• kim – what, which
  pronoun (neuter)
• vīrya – power, strength, valor, energy
  noun (neuter)

Note: Interrogative adjective, qualifies nahuṣaḥ (implied)

वा (vā) - or (or, either)

(indeclinable)

बृहस्पते (bṛhaspate) - O Brihaspati

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of bṛhaspati

bṛhaspati - Brihaspati, preceptor of the gods