महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-15, chapter-33, verse-23

युधिष्ठिरोऽहमस्मीति वाक्यमुक्त्वाग्रतः स्थितः ।
विदुरस्याश्रवे राजा स च प्रत्याह संज्ञया ॥२३॥

23. yudhiṣṭhiro'hamasmīti vākyamuktvāgrataḥ sthitaḥ ,
vidurasyāśrave rājā sa ca pratyāha saṁjñayā.

23. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ aham asmi iti vākyam uktvā agrataḥ
sthitaḥ vidurasya aśrave rājā saḥ ca prati āha saṃjñayā

23. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ aham asmi iti vākyam uktvā agrataḥ sthitaḥ.
rājā vidurasya aśrave (āsīt).
saḥ ca saṃjñayā prati āha.

23. Yudhiṣṭhira, having spoken the words 'I am Yudhiṣṭhira', stood before him. The king was beyond Vidura's hearing, yet Vidura responded with a gesture.

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - King Yudhiṣṭhira, the eldest Pāṇḍava, speaking about himself. (Yudhiṣṭhira)

• अहम् (aham) - The first person singular pronoun, referring to Yudhiṣṭhira. (I, myself)

• अस्मि (asmi) - Present tense, first person singular of 'to be'. (I am, I exist)

• इति (iti) - Marks the end of a quotation or direct speech. (thus, so, saying)

• वाक्यम् (vākyam) - The specific words 'I am Yudhiṣṭhira'. (statement, word, speech)

• उक्त्वा (uktvā) - Referring to Yudhiṣṭhira's action of speaking. (having said, having spoken)

• अग्रतः (agrataḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira stood in front of Vidura. (in front, before)

• स्थितः (sthitaḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira was standing. (stood, standing, situated)

• विदुरस्य (vidurasya) - Pertaining to the sage Vidura. (of Vidura)

• अश्रवे (aśrave) - Yudhiṣṭhira's words were not heard by Vidura, indicating Vidura was in a state where he couldn't perceive spoken words. (out of hearing, inaudible, beyond hearing)

• राजा (rājā) - Refers to Yudhiṣṭhira. (king)

• सः (saḥ) - Refers to Vidura. (he, that)

• च (ca) - Connects the previous statement with Vidura's reaction. (and, also)

• प्रति (prati) - Here, as part of `pratyāha`, indicating 'in return' or 'back'. (towards, against, in return)

• आह (āha) - Vidura 'said' or 'responded' with a gesture. (he said, he spoke)

• संज्ञया (saṁjñayā) - Vidura communicated through a non-verbal gesture. (with a sign, by a gesture, by means of a signal)

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - King Yudhiṣṭhira, the eldest Pāṇḍava, speaking about himself. (Yudhiṣṭhira)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - firm in battle, Yudhiṣṭhira

Compound type : bahuvrihi (yudhi+sthira)

• yudhi – in battle, in war
  indeclinable
  Locative singular of yudh (battle).
• sthira – firm, steady, stable
  adjective (masculine)
  From root sthā (to stand).
  Root: sthā (class 1)

अहम् (aham) - The first person singular pronoun, referring to Yudhiṣṭhira. (I, myself)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of aham

aham - I, myself

अस्मि (asmi) - Present tense, first person singular of 'to be'. (I am, I exist)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of as

Root: as (class 2)

इति (iti) - Marks the end of a quotation or direct speech. (thus, so, saying)

(indeclinable)

वाक्यम् (vākyam) - The specific words 'I am Yudhiṣṭhira'. (statement, word, speech)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vākya

vākya - speech, word, sentence, statement

Root: vac (class 2)

उक्त्वा (uktvā) - Referring to Yudhiṣṭhira's action of speaking. (having said, having spoken)

(indeclinable)

absolutive

From root vac (to speak), ending in -tvā.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: An absolutive is often categorized as an indeclinable.

अग्रतः (agrataḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira stood in front of Vidura. (in front, before)

(indeclinable)

From agra (front) + suffix -taḥ.

स्थितः (sthitaḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira was standing. (stood, standing, situated)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sthita

sthita - stood, standing, situated, firm

past passive participle

From root sthā (to stand).

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Agreement with Yudhiṣṭhira, functioning adjectivally.

विदुरस्य (vidurasya) - Pertaining to the sage Vidura. (of Vidura)

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of vidura

vidura - Vidura (name of a wise minister/sage)

अश्रवे (aśrave) - Yudhiṣṭhira's words were not heard by Vidura, indicating Vidura was in a state where he couldn't perceive spoken words. (out of hearing, inaudible, beyond hearing)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of aśrava

aśrava - out of hearing, inaudible

Negation of śrava (hearing).

Compound type : negation (a+śrava)

• a – not, non-
  prefix
• śrava – hearing, ear, sound
  noun (masculine)
  From root śru (to hear).
  Root: śru (class 1)

Note: Used adverbially to describe the state of being beyond hearing.

राजा (rājā) - Refers to Yudhiṣṭhira. (king)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

सः (saḥ) - Refers to Vidura. (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Form of tad in masculine nominative singular.

च (ca) - Connects the previous statement with Vidura's reaction. (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

प्रति (prati) - Here, as part of `pratyāha`, indicating 'in return' or 'back'. (towards, against, in return)

(indeclinable)

Note: It's an upasarga with āha (to speak).

आह (āha) - Vidura 'said' or 'responded' with a gesture. (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of aha

Perfect tense (liṭ), 3rd person singular, of root brū/vac.

Root: brū/vac (class 2)

Note: Part of the compound verb `pratyāha`.

संज्ञया (saṁjñayā) - Vidura communicated through a non-verbal gesture. (with a sign, by a gesture, by means of a signal)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of saṃjñā

saṁjñā - sign, gesture, signal, recognition, agreement, consciousness

From sam- (together) + jñā (to know).

Prefix: sam

Root: jñā (class 9)