महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-94, verse-31

मुख्यानमात्यान्यो हित्वा निहीनान्कुरुते प्रियान् ।
स वै व्यसनमासाद्य गाधमार्तो न विन्दति ॥३१॥

31. mukhyānamātyānyo hitvā nihīnānkurute priyān ,
sa vai vyasanamāsādya gādhamārto na vindati.

31. mukhyān amātyān yaḥ hitvā nihīnān kurute priyān
saḥ vai vyasanam āsādya gādham ārtaḥ na vindati

31. yaḥ mukhyān amātyān hitvā nihīnān priyān kurute,
saḥ vai vyasanam āsādya ārtaḥ gādham na vindati

31. A person who, forsaking his principal ministers, makes inferior people his favorites, will, upon facing calamity, find himself distressed and unable to find a way out.

Words meanings summery:

• मुख्यान् (mukhyān) - chief, principal

• अमात्यान् (amātyān) - ministers, counselors

• यः (yaḥ) - who, whoever

• हित्वा (hitvā) - having abandoned, having forsaken

• निहीनान् (nihīnān) - inferior, low-ranking, disgraced

• कुरुते (kurute) - makes, does

• प्रियान् (priyān) - dear ones, favorites

• सः (saḥ) - he

• वै (vai) - indeed, certainly, verily

• व्यसनम् (vyasanam) - misfortune, calamity, distress

• आसाद्य (āsādya) - having reached, having obtained

• गाधम् (gādham) - a way out of difficulty, support, solution (a ford, a shallow place)

• आर्तः (ārtaḥ) - distressed, afflicted, suffering

• न (na) - not, no

• विन्दति (vindati) - finds, obtains

Words meanings and morphology

मुख्यान् (mukhyān) - chief, principal

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of mukhya

mukhya - chief, principal, main, foremost

From mukha (face, mouth), meaning 'relating to the face/mouth', hence 'chief, principal'.

अमात्यान् (amātyān) - ministers, counselors

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of amātya

amātya - minister, counselor, companion

From amā (at home, near) + tya (suffix denoting suitability), meaning 'one who is near the king', hence minister.

यः (yaḥ) - who, whoever

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what, whoever, whatever

हित्वा (hitvā) - having abandoned, having forsaken

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

From root HĀ (to abandon, to leave) with suffix -tvā.

Root: hā (class 3)

निहीनान् (nihīnān) - inferior, low-ranking, disgraced

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of nihīna

nihīna - inferior, low, mean, disgraced, abandoned

Past Passive Participle

From ni-HĀ (to abandon, to give up) + kta (passive participle suffix). Literally 'abandoned, left behind'.

Prefix: ni

Root: hā (class 3)

कुरुते (kurute) - makes, does

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of kṛ

present tense, third person singular

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Atmanepada form.

प्रियान् (priyān) - dear ones, favorites

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of priya

priya - dear, beloved, favorite; a friend, a beloved person

सः (saḥ) - he

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

वै (vai) - indeed, certainly, verily

(indeclinable)

व्यसनम् (vyasanam) - misfortune, calamity, distress

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vyasana

vyasana - misfortune, calamity, distress, vice, addiction

From vi-AS (to throw, to cast), meaning 'thrown apart, falling into ruin'.

Prefix: vi

Root: as (class 4)

आसाद्य (āsādya) - having reached, having obtained

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

From ā-SAD (to sit, to approach) with suffix -lyaP (when prefixed).

Prefix: ā

Root: sad (class 1)

गाधम् (gādham) - a way out of difficulty, support, solution (a ford, a shallow place)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of gādha

gādha - a shallow place, ford, depth (of water), support, access

From root GĀDH (to stand firm, to dive into).

Root: gādh (class 1)

आर्तः (ārtaḥ) - distressed, afflicted, suffering

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ārta

ārta - distressed, afflicted, suffering, hurt

Past Passive Participle

From root Ṛ (to go, to move) with prefix ṛ- (as in ār-). Or from root ĀR (to injure, to distress).

Root: ṛ (class 1)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

विन्दति (vindati) - finds, obtains

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of vid

present tense, third person singular

Root: vid (class 6)

Note: Parasmaipada form.