महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-94, verse-30

अग्राम्यचरितां बुद्धिमत्यन्तं यो न बुध्यते ।
जितानामजितानां च क्षत्रधर्मादपैति सः ॥३०॥

30. agrāmyacaritāṁ buddhimatyantaṁ yo na budhyate ,
jitānāmajitānāṁ ca kṣatradharmādapaiti saḥ.

30. yaḥ agrāmyacaritām buddhim atyantam yaḥ na budhyate
saḥ jitānām ajitānām ca kṣatradharmāt apaiti

30. yaḥ agrāmyacaritām buddhim atyantam yaḥ na budhyate
saḥ jitānām ajitānām ca kṣatradharmāt apaiti

30. The person who does not fully understand the intellect of refined conduct (agrāmyacaritā buddhim) deviates from the natural law (dharma) of a warrior (kṣatradharma), which applies equally to those he has subdued and those he has not.

Words meanings summery:

• यः (yaḥ) - who, which, that (masculine singular nominative)

• अग्राम्यचरिताम् (agrāmyacaritām) - of noble conduct, of refined character, not vulgar conduct

• बुद्धिम् (buddhim) - intellect, understanding, discernment

• अत्यन्तम् (atyantam) - exceedingly, entirely, very much

• यः (yaḥ) - who, which, that (masculine singular nominative)

• न (na) - not, no

• बुध्यते (budhyate) - he understands, he perceives, he knows

• सः (saḥ) - he, that

• जितानाम् (jitānām) - of the conquered, of those who are controlled

• अजितानाम् (ajitānām) - of the unconquered, of those who are uncontrolled

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• क्षत्रधर्मात् (kṣatradharmāt) - from the duty of a kṣatriya, from the natural law of a warrior

• अपैति (apaiti) - he deviates, he goes away from, he abandons

Words meanings and morphology

यः (yaḥ) - who, which, that (masculine singular nominative)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what, that

relative pronoun

Note: Subject of 'budhyate' and 'apaiti'.

अग्राम्यचरिताम् (agrāmyacaritām) - of noble conduct, of refined character, not vulgar conduct

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of agrāmyacarita

agrāmyacarita - of noble/refined conduct, not vulgar, cultured

compound: a + grāmya + carita

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (a+grāmya+carita)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
  negative prefix
• grāmya – vulgar, rustic, common, uncivilized
  adjective (masculine)
  from grāma (village)
• carita – conduct, behavior, deeds; moved, acted
  noun (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  from root car (to move, to behave)
  Root: car (class 1)

Note: Accusative feminine singular agreeing with 'buddhim'.

बुद्धिम् (buddhim) - intellect, understanding, discernment

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of buddhi

buddhi - intellect, understanding, perception, discernment

from root budh (to know, to perceive)

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Object of 'budhyate'.

अत्यन्तम् (atyantam) - exceedingly, entirely, very much

(indeclinable)

from ati + anta (beyond the end)

Note: Modifies 'budhyate'.

यः (yaḥ) - who, which, that (masculine singular nominative)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what, that

relative pronoun

Note: Subject of 'budhyate'. This is the same relative pronoun 'yaḥ' from the beginning, repeated for clarity/emphasis or poetic style.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates 'budhyate'.

बुध्यते (budhyate) - he understands, he perceives, he knows

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of budh

Root: budh (class 4)

Note: Verb for 'yaḥ'.

सः (saḥ) - he, that

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

demonstrative pronoun, coreferential with relative pronoun 'yaḥ'

Note: Correlative pronoun for 'yaḥ'.

जितानाम् (jitānām) - of the conquered, of those who are controlled

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of jita

jita - conquered, subdued, controlled

Past Passive Participle

from root ji (to conquer)

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Possessive, modifies implied 'people' or 'states'.

अजितानाम् (ajitānām) - of the unconquered, of those who are uncontrolled

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of ajita

ajita - unconquered, unsubdued, uncontrolled

Past Passive Participle

negative compound: a + jita

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+jita)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
  negative prefix
• jita – conquered, subdued, controlled
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  from root ji (to conquer)
  Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Possessive, modifies implied 'people' or 'states'.

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction connecting 'jitānām' and 'ajitānām'.

क्षत्रधर्मात् (kṣatradharmāt) - from the duty of a kṣatriya, from the natural law of a warrior

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of kṣatradharma

kṣatradharma - duty/natural law (dharma) of a kṣatriya (warrior/ruler), warrior's code

compound: kṣatra + dharma

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kṣatra+dharma)

• kṣatra – rule, dominion, power; warrior class
  noun (neuter)
• dharma – righteous conduct, duty, natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature (dharma)
  noun (masculine)
  from root dhṛ (to uphold)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Source from which one deviates.

अपैति (apaiti) - he deviates, he goes away from, he abandons

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of i

Prefix: apa

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Verb for 'saḥ'.