महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-125, verse-1

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
शीलं प्रधानं पुरुषे कथितं ते पितामह ।
कथमाशा समुत्पन्ना या च सा तद्वदस्व मे ॥१॥

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
śīlaṁ pradhānaṁ puruṣe kathitaṁ te pitāmaha ,
kathamāśā samutpannā yā ca sā tadvadasva me.

1. Yudhiṣṭhira uvāca śīlam pradhānam puruṣe kathitam te
pitāmaha katham āśā samutpannā yā ca sā tat vadasva me

1. pitāmaha te puruṣe śīlam pradhānam kathitam
katham āśā samutpannā yā ca sā tat me vadasva

1. Yudhiṣṭhira said: "O Grandfather, you have declared that character (śīla) is paramount in a person (puruṣa). Please explain to me how hope (āśā) arises, and what its true nature is."

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - The eldest of the Pandava brothers, addressing Bhishma. (Yudhiṣṭhira (name of the eldest Pandava))

• उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhiṣṭhira said. (said, spoke)

• शीलम् (śīlam) - good character, moral disposition. (character, nature, moral conduct)

• प्रधानम् (pradhānam) - of primary importance. (chief, principal, paramount, supreme)

• पुरुषे (puruṣe) - among human beings, in an individual. (in a man, in a person (puruṣa), among men)

• कथितम् (kathitam) - has been said (by you). (said, told, declared)

• ते (te) - by you (referring to Bhishma), agent of the passive participle 'kathitam'. (by you (singular), to you, for you, your)

• पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandfather (Bhishma). (grandfather, creator (Brahmā))

• कथम् (katham) - asking about the process or nature of hope's arising. (how?, in what manner?)

• आशा (āśā) - the psychological phenomenon of hope (āśā). (hope, desire, expectation, direction)

• समुत्पन्ना (samutpannā) - how hope (āśā) comes into existence. (arisen, produced, generated)

• या (yā) - referring to 'hope' (āśā). (which, what (feminine))

• च (ca) - connecting the two parts of the question. (and, also, moreover)

• सा (sā) - referring to hope (āśā). (she, that (feminine))

• तत् (tat) - referring to the explanation of hope (āśā). (that, it)

• वदस्व (vadasva) - command to Bhishma to explain. (tell, speak, say (imperative middle))

• मे (me) - tell to me. (to me, for me, my)

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - The eldest of the Pandava brothers, addressing Bhishma. (Yudhiṣṭhira (name of the eldest Pandava))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of Yudhiṣṭhira

Yudhiṣṭhira - Name of the eldest son of Pāṇḍu and Kuntī, hero of the Mahābhārata.

उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhiṣṭhira said. (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of vac

Perfect active

3rd person singular perfect active. Irregular perfect formation.

Root: vac (class 2)

शीलम् (śīlam) - good character, moral disposition. (character, nature, moral conduct)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of śīla

śīla - character (śīla), conduct, habit, nature, disposition, moral virtue

Root: śīl

Note: Subject of the implied verb 'is'.

प्रधानम् (pradhānam) - of primary importance. (chief, principal, paramount, supreme)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of pradhāna

pradhāna - chief, principal, excellent, paramount; also primordial matter (prakṛti)

From pra- + dhā (to place, hold).

Prefix: pra

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Predicate adjective agreeing with śīlam.

पुरुषे (puruṣe) - among human beings, in an individual. (in a man, in a person (puruṣa), among men)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of puruṣa

puruṣa - man, human being, person (puruṣa), male, the Supreme Being (puruṣa)

कथितम् (kathitam) - has been said (by you). (said, told, declared)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kathita

kathita - said, told, narrated, declared

Past Passive Participle

From root kath (to tell, relate) + suffix kta.

Root: kath (class 10)

ते (te) - by you (referring to Bhishma), agent of the passive participle 'kathitam'. (by you (singular), to you, for you, your)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of tvad

tvad - you

Enclitic form of tvayā (instrumental) or tubhyam/tava (dative/genitive).

पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandfather (Bhishma). (grandfather, creator (Brahmā))

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - paternal grandfather, great father, Brahmā (the creator)

Compound: pitṛ (father) + mahā (great).

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (pitṛ+mahā)

• pitṛ – father, ancestor
  noun (masculine)
• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective

कथम् (katham) - asking about the process or nature of hope's arising. (how?, in what manner?)

(indeclinable)

From ka (what) + tham suffix.

आशा (āśā) - the psychological phenomenon of hope (āśā). (hope, desire, expectation, direction)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of āśā

āśā - hope (āśā), desire, expectation, direction, quarter of the sky

From root āś (to obtain) or ā-śī (to lie towards).

Note: Subject of samutpannā.

समुत्पन्ना (samutpannā) - how hope (āśā) comes into existence. (arisen, produced, generated)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of samutpanna

samutpanna - arisen, produced, born, occurred

Past Passive Participle

From sam-ud-pad (to arise, be produced) + suffix kta.

Prefixes: sam+ud

Root: pad (class 4)

Note: Functions as a predicate.

या (yā) - referring to 'hope' (āśā). (which, what (feminine))

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of yad

yad - which, who, what

Relative pronoun, feminine nominative singular.

च (ca) - connecting the two parts of the question. (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

सा (sā) - referring to hope (āśā). (she, that (feminine))

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun, feminine nominative singular.

Note: Refers back to āśā.

तत् (tat) - referring to the explanation of hope (āśā). (that, it)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, it

Demonstrative pronoun, neuter nominative/accusative singular.

वदस्व (vadasva) - command to Bhishma to explain. (tell, speak, say (imperative middle))

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, imperative (Loṭ) of vad

Imperative, middle voice (ātmanepada)

2nd person singular imperative middle.

Root: vad (class 1)

मे (me) - tell to me. (to me, for me, my)

(pronoun)

Dative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

Enclitic form of mahyam (dative).