महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-103, verse-2

भीष्म उवाच ।
जैत्र्या वा यानि रूपाणि भवन्ति पुरुषर्षभ ।
पृतनायाः प्रशस्तानि तानि वक्ष्यामि सर्वशः ॥२॥

2. bhīṣma uvāca ,
jaitryā vā yāni rūpāṇi bhavanti puruṣarṣabha ,
pṛtanāyāḥ praśastāni tāni vakṣyāmi sarvaśaḥ.

2. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca | jaitryā vā yāni rūpāṇi bhavanti
puruṣarṣabha | pṛtanāyāḥ praśastāni tāni vakṣyāmi sarvaśaḥ

2. puruṣarṣabha bhīṣmaḥ uvāca yāni jaitryā vā rūpāṇi
pṛtanāyāḥ bhavanti tāni praśastāni sarvaśaḥ vakṣyāmi

2. Bhishma said: O best among men, I will fully explain all those excellent characteristics of an army which lead to victory.

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma, son of Shantanu and Ganga, a revered elder in the Mahabharata. (Bhishma)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• जैत्र्या (jaitryā) - Pertaining to achieving victory in battle. (of victory, victorious, related to conquest)

• वा (vā) - Here, it functions as a connective particle, possibly emphasizing, or simply meaning "and". (or, and, indeed, like)

• यानि (yāni) - The relative pronoun referring to the characteristics (rūpāṇi). (which, what)

• रूपाणि (rūpāṇi) - Specific features or qualities of an army. (forms, characteristics, aspects, features)

• भवन्ति (bhavanti) - Referring to the existence or presence of the characteristics in an army. (they are, they become, they exist)

• पुरुषर्षभ (puruṣarṣabha) - Address to Yudhishthira or Dhritarashtra, typically Yudhishthira in this context. (O best among men, O foremost of men)

• पृतनायाः (pṛtanāyāḥ) - The army in question, for which victory is desired. (of an army, for an army)

• प्रशस्तानि (praśastāni) - Describing the qualities that make an army victorious. (excellent, praiseworthy, auspicious, suitable)

• तानि (tāni) - The demonstrative pronoun referring back to rūpāṇi. (those, them)

• वक्ष्यामि (vakṣyāmi) - Bhishma stating his intention to describe the characteristics. (I will speak, I will explain)

• सर्वशः (sarvaśaḥ) - Bhishma emphasizing the comprehensive nature of his explanation. (entirely, completely, in every way)

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma, son of Shantanu and Ganga, a revered elder in the Mahabharata. (Bhishma)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhishma (name)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Tense

From root vac (to speak), perfect 3rd singular active. vac becomes uvac due to reduplication and vocalization.

Root: vac (class 2)

जैत्र्या (jaitryā) - Pertaining to achieving victory in battle. (of victory, victorious, related to conquest)

(adjective)

Genitive, feminine, singular of jaitrī

jaitrī - victorious, relating to victory

Derived from jitra (victory)

Root: ji

Note: It functions here as a genitive, "of victory".

वा (vā) - Here, it functions as a connective particle, possibly emphasizing, or simply meaning "and". (or, and, indeed, like)

(indeclinable)

यानि (yāni) - The relative pronoun referring to the characteristics (rūpāṇi). (which, what)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of yad

yad - which, what (relative pronoun)

Note: Nominative as the subject of 'bhavanti'.

रूपाणि (rūpāṇi) - Specific features or qualities of an army. (forms, characteristics, aspects, features)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of rūpa

rūpa - form, appearance, characteristic, nature

Note: Here in nominative case as the subject of bhavanti.

भवन्ति (bhavanti) - Referring to the existence or presence of the characteristics in an army. (they are, they become, they exist)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of bhū

Present Tense

From root bhū (to be, become), 3rd plural present active.

Root: bhū (class 1)

पुरुषर्षभ (puruṣarṣabha) - Address to Yudhishthira or Dhritarashtra, typically Yudhishthira in this context. (O best among men, O foremost of men)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of puruṣarṣabha

puruṣarṣabha - best of men, bull among men

Compound type : tatpurusha (puruṣa+ṛṣabha)

• puruṣa – man, human, person
  noun (masculine)
• ṛṣabha – bull, best, chief
  noun (masculine)

पृतनायाः (pṛtanāyāḥ) - The army in question, for which victory is desired. (of an army, for an army)

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, singular of pṛtanā

pṛtanā - army, battle, war

Note: Genitive case, "of an army".

प्रशस्तानि (praśastāni) - Describing the qualities that make an army victorious. (excellent, praiseworthy, auspicious, suitable)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, plural of praśasta

praśasta - excellent, praiseworthy, auspicious

Past Passive Participle

From root śaṃs (to praise) with prefix pra-.

Prefix: pra

Root: śaṃs (class 1)

Note: Here in accusative case, as the object of vakṣyāmi.

तानि (tāni) - The demonstrative pronoun referring back to rūpāṇi. (those, them)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, plural of tad

tad - that, those (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Here in accusative case, as the direct object of vakṣyāmi.

वक्ष्यामि (vakṣyāmi) - Bhishma stating his intention to describe the characteristics. (I will speak, I will explain)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, future (lṛṭ) of vac

Future Tense

From root vac (to speak), 1st singular future active.

Root: vac (class 2)

सर्वशः (sarvaśaḥ) - Bhishma emphasizing the comprehensive nature of his explanation. (entirely, completely, in every way)

(indeclinable)

Formed from sarva (all) with the suffix śaḥ (denoting manner or distribution).