महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-27, verse-1

शौनक उवाच ।
कोऽपराधो महेन्द्रस्य कः प्रमादश्च सूतज ।
तपसा वालखिल्यानां संभूतो गरुडः कथम् ॥१॥

1. śaunaka uvāca ,
ko'parādho mahendrasya kaḥ pramādaśca sūtaja ,
tapasā vālakhilyānāṁ saṁbhūto garuḍaḥ katham.

1. śaunaka uvāca kaḥ aparādhaḥ mahendrasya kaḥ pramādaḥ ca
sūtajā tapasā vālakhilyānām saṃbhūtaḥ garuḍaḥ katham

1. Shaunaka said: 'O son of Sūta, what was Mahendra's transgression, and what was his negligence? And how was Garuḍa born from the austerities of the Vālakhilyas?'

1. שַׁאוּנַקַה שאל, הו בן סוּטַה, מה היה פשעו של מַהֵנְדְרַה ומה הייתה רשלנותו, וכיצד נולד גַרוּדַה מעוצמת התרגול של הוָאלַקְהִילְיַה?

Words meanings summery:

• शौनक (śaunaka) - Shaunaka (Shaunaka (proper noun))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said)

• कः (kaḥ) - what (what, who)

• अपराधः (aparādhaḥ) - transgression (offense, transgression, fault)

• महेन्द्रस्य (mahendrasya) - of Mahendra (Indra)

• कः (kaḥ) - what (what, who)

• प्रमादः (pramādaḥ) - negligence (error, carelessness, negligence)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• सूतजा (sūtajā) - O son of Sūta (addressing Ugraśravas/Romaharṣaṇa) (O son of Suta)

• तपसा (tapasā) - from the austerities (by austerity, by penance)

• वालखिल्यानाम् (vālakhilyānām) - of the Vālakhilyas

• संभूतः (saṁbhūtaḥ) - was born (born, produced, arisen)

• गरुडः (garuḍaḥ) - Garuḍa (Garuda (proper noun))

• कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

Words meanings and morphology

शौनक (śaunaka) - Shaunaka (Shaunaka (proper noun))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śaunaka

śaunaka - Shaunaka (name of a sage)

Note: Subject of uvāca.

उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

कः (kaḥ) - what (what, who)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Note: Interrogative pronoun, agreeing with aparādhaḥ.

अपराधः (aparādhaḥ) - transgression (offense, transgression, fault)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of aparādha

aparādha - offense, fault, crime, transgression

action noun

from root rādh (to succeed, offend)

Prefixes: apa+rādh

Root: rādh (class 5)

Note: Predicate nominative.

महेन्द्रस्य (mahendrasya) - of Mahendra (Indra)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of mahendra

mahendra - Mahendra (epithet of Indra, great Indra)

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+indra)

• mahā – great, mighty
  adjective
• indra – Indra (name of the chief of the gods)
  noun (masculine)

Note: Possession of aparādhaḥ and pramādaḥ.

कः (kaḥ) - what (what, who)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Note: Interrogative pronoun, agreeing with pramādaḥ.

प्रमादः (pramādaḥ) - negligence (error, carelessness, negligence)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pramāda

pramāda - error, carelessness, negligence, heedlessness

action noun

from root mad (to be mad, rejoice, be careless)

Prefix: pra

Root: mad (class 4)

Note: Predicate nominative.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

सूतजा (sūtajā) - O son of Sūta (addressing Ugraśravas/Romaharṣaṇa) (O son of Suta)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of sūta-ja

sūta-ja - son of a charioteer (Sūta), name Ugraśravas

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sūta+ja)

• sūta – charioteer, bard, son of a Kṣatriya by a Brāhmaṇa woman
  noun (masculine)
• ja – born, produced from
  adjective
  from root jan (to be born)
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Here sūtajā is the vocative singular of sūta-ja.

तपसा (tapasā) - from the austerities (by austerity, by penance)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, heat, religious devotion

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Agent/means of saṃbhūtaḥ.

वालखिल्यानाम् (vālakhilyānām) - of the Vālakhilyas

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of vālakhilya

vālakhilya - Vālakhilya (a class of pygmy sages, followers of the sun)

Note: Possessive, relating to tapasā.

संभूतः (saṁbhūtaḥ) - was born (born, produced, arisen)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃbhūta

saṁbhūta - born, produced, arisen, formed

past passive participle

from root bhū (to be)

Prefix: sam

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Agrees with garuḍaḥ.

गरुडः (garuḍaḥ) - Garuḍa (Garuda (proper noun))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of garuḍa

garuḍa - Garuda (mythical bird, vehicle of Vishnu)

Note: Subject of saṃbhūtaḥ.

कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.

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