महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-27, verse-1

शौनक उवाच ।
कोऽपराधो महेन्द्रस्य कः प्रमादश्च सूतज ।
तपसा वालखिल्यानां संभूतो गरुडः कथम् ॥१॥

1. śaunaka uvāca ,
ko'parādho mahendrasya kaḥ pramādaśca sūtaja ,
tapasā vālakhilyānāṁ saṁbhūto garuḍaḥ katham.

1. śaunaka uvāca kaḥ aparādhaḥ mahendrasya kaḥ pramādaḥ ca
sūtajā tapasā vālakhilyānām saṃbhūtaḥ garuḍaḥ katham

1. Shaunaka said: 'O son of Sūta, what was Mahendra's transgression, and what was his negligence? And how was Garuḍa born from the austerities of the Vālakhilyas?'

Words meanings summery:

• शौनक (śaunaka) - Shaunaka (Shaunaka (proper noun))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said)

• कः (kaḥ) - what (what, who)

• अपराधः (aparādhaḥ) - transgression (offense, transgression, fault)

• महेन्द्रस्य (mahendrasya) - of Mahendra (Indra)

• कः (kaḥ) - what (what, who)

• प्रमादः (pramādaḥ) - negligence (error, carelessness, negligence)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• सूतजा (sūtajā) - O son of Sūta (addressing Ugraśravas/Romaharṣaṇa) (O son of Suta)

• तपसा (tapasā) - from the austerities (by austerity, by penance)

• वालखिल्यानाम् (vālakhilyānām) - of the Vālakhilyas

• संभूतः (saṁbhūtaḥ) - was born (born, produced, arisen)

• गरुडः (garuḍaḥ) - Garuḍa (Garuda (proper noun))

• कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

Words meanings and morphology

शौनक (śaunaka) - Shaunaka (Shaunaka (proper noun))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śaunaka

śaunaka - Shaunaka (name of a sage)

Note: Subject of uvāca.

उवाच (uvāca) - said (he said)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

कः (kaḥ) - what (what, who)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Note: Interrogative pronoun, agreeing with aparādhaḥ.

अपराधः (aparādhaḥ) - transgression (offense, transgression, fault)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of aparādha

aparādha - offense, fault, crime, transgression

action noun

from root rādh (to succeed, offend)

Prefixes: apa+rādh

Root: rādh (class 5)

Note: Predicate nominative.

महेन्द्रस्य (mahendrasya) - of Mahendra (Indra)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of mahendra

mahendra - Mahendra (epithet of Indra, great Indra)

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+indra)

• mahā – great, mighty
  adjective
• indra – Indra (name of the chief of the gods)
  noun (masculine)

Note: Possession of aparādhaḥ and pramādaḥ.

कः (kaḥ) - what (what, who)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Note: Interrogative pronoun, agreeing with pramādaḥ.

प्रमादः (pramādaḥ) - negligence (error, carelessness, negligence)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pramāda

pramāda - error, carelessness, negligence, heedlessness

action noun

from root mad (to be mad, rejoice, be careless)

Prefix: pra

Root: mad (class 4)

Note: Predicate nominative.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

सूतजा (sūtajā) - O son of Sūta (addressing Ugraśravas/Romaharṣaṇa) (O son of Suta)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of sūta-ja

sūta-ja - son of a charioteer (Sūta), name Ugraśravas

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sūta+ja)

• sūta – charioteer, bard, son of a Kṣatriya by a Brāhmaṇa woman
  noun (masculine)
• ja – born, produced from
  adjective
  from root jan (to be born)
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Here sūtajā is the vocative singular of sūta-ja.

तपसा (tapasā) - from the austerities (by austerity, by penance)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, heat, religious devotion

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Agent/means of saṃbhūtaḥ.

वालखिल्यानाम् (vālakhilyānām) - of the Vālakhilyas

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of vālakhilya

vālakhilya - Vālakhilya (a class of pygmy sages, followers of the sun)

Note: Possessive, relating to tapasā.

संभूतः (saṁbhūtaḥ) - was born (born, produced, arisen)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃbhūta

saṁbhūta - born, produced, arisen, formed

past passive participle

from root bhū (to be)

Prefix: sam

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Agrees with garuḍaḥ.

गरुडः (garuḍaḥ) - Garuḍa (Garuda (proper noun))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of garuḍa

garuḍa - Garuda (mythical bird, vehicle of Vishnu)

Note: Subject of saṃbhūtaḥ.

कथम् (katham) - how (how, why)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.