वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-5, chapter-8, verse-19

ददर्श स कपिस्तस्य बाहू शयनसंस्थितौ ।
मन्दरस्यान्तरे सुप्तौ महार्ही रुषिताविव ॥१९॥

19. dadarśa sa kapistasya bāhū śayanasaṃsthitau ,
mandarasyāntare suptau mahārhī ruṣitāviva.

19. dadarśa saḥ kapiḥ tasya bāhū śayanasaṃsthitau
mandarasya antare suptau mahārhī ruṣitau iva

19. saḥ kapiḥ dadarśa tasya bāhū śayanasaṃsthitau
mandarasya antare suptau mahārhī ruṣitau iva

19. That monkey (kapi) saw his two arms, resting on the bed, resembling two great and venerable (portions) of Mandara mountain, as if they were asleep within its expanse, and appeared enraged.

Words meanings summery:

• ददर्श (dadarśa) - (Hanuman) saw (he saw, he beheld)

• सः (saḥ) - that (Hanuman) (that, he)

• कपिः (kapiḥ) - Hanuman (the monkey) (monkey, ape)

• तस्य (tasya) - his (Ravana's) (his, of that)

• बाहू (bāhū) - Ravana's two arms (two arms)

• शयनसंस्थितौ (śayanasaṁsthitau) - (the arms were) resting on the bed (resting on a bed (dual))

• मन्दरस्य (mandarasya) - of Mount Mandara (of Mandara (mountain))

• अन्तरे (antare) - within (its expanse, referring to Mandara mountain) (within, inside, in the middle)

• सुप्तौ (suptau) - (the arms were) lying (like Mandara's parts) (asleep, sleeping, lying (dual))

• महार्ही (mahārhī) - (the arms were) greatly venerable/formidable (greatly worthy, venerable, precious (dual))

• रुषितौ (ruṣitau) - (the arms were) as if angry (angry, enraged (dual))

• इव (iva) - as if (angry) (as if, like, resembling)

Words meanings and morphology

ददर्श (dadarśa) - (Hanuman) saw (he saw, he beheld)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of darś

Perfect (Liṭ)

Reduplicated perfect form of root 'dṛś'.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

सः (saḥ) - that (Hanuman) (that, he)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to kapi.

कपिः (kapiḥ) - Hanuman (the monkey) (monkey, ape)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kapi

kapi - monkey, ape

Note: Subject of 'dadarśa'.

तस्य (tasya) - his (Ravana's) (his, of that)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to Ravana.

बाहू (bāhū) - Ravana's two arms (two arms)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, dual of bāhu

bāhu - arm

Note: Object of 'dadarśa'. All subsequent adjectives (śayanasaṃsthitau, suptau, mahārhī, ruṣitau) refer to this.

शयनसंस्थितौ (śayanasaṁsthitau) - (the arms were) resting on the bed (resting on a bed (dual))

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, dual of śayanasaṃsthita

śayanasaṁsthita - resting on a bed, situated on a couch

Compound 'śayana' (bed) + 'saṃsthita' (placed, resting).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śayana+saṃsthita)

• śayana – bed, couch, sleeping
  noun (neuter)
  From root 'śī' (to lie down).
  Root: śī (class 2)
• saṃsthita – placed, situated, resting
  adjective (masculine)
  past passive participle
  From 'sam' (with, together) + root 'sthā' (to stand, stay).
  Prefix: sam
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Agrees with bāhū.

मन्दरस्य (mandarasya) - of Mount Mandara (of Mandara (mountain))

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of mandara

mandara - Mandara (name of a mountain)

Note: Qualifies 'antare'.

अन्तरे (antare) - within (its expanse, referring to Mandara mountain) (within, inside, in the middle)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of antara

antara - interior, middle, interval, within

Note: Often used as a postposition with genitive.

सुप्तौ (suptau) - (the arms were) lying (like Mandara's parts) (asleep, sleeping, lying (dual))

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, dual of supta

supta - asleep, sleeping, lying

past passive participle

From root 'svap' (to sleep).

Root: svap (class 2)

Note: Agrees with bāhū.

महार्ही (mahārhī) - (the arms were) greatly venerable/formidable (greatly worthy, venerable, precious (dual))

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, dual of mahārha

mahārha - greatly worthy, venerable, precious, formidable

Compound 'mahā' (great) + 'arha' (worthy).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+arha)

• mahā – great, mighty, large
  adjective (feminine)
• arha – worthy, deserving, valuable
  adjective (masculine)
  From root 'arh' (to deserve).
  Root: arh (class 1)

Note: Agrees with bāhū. The ending 'ī' instead of 'au' for masculine dual nominative/accusative is an epic variation or a specific adjectival formation.

रुषितौ (ruṣitau) - (the arms were) as if angry (angry, enraged (dual))

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, dual of ruṣita

ruṣita - angry, enraged

past passive participle

From root 'ruṣ' (to be angry) + 'kta' (PPP suffix).

Root: ruṣ (class 4)

Note: Agrees with bāhū.

इव (iva) - as if (angry) (as if, like, resembling)

(indeclinable)

Particle of comparison.

Note: Connects to 'ruṣitau'.

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