मार्कण्डेय-पुराणम्
mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇam
-
chapter-28, verse-8
तद्वद् द्विजातिशुश्रूषा पोषणं क्रयविक्रयौ ।
वर्णधर्मास्त्विमे प्रोक्ताः श्रूयन्तां चाश्रमाश्रयाः ॥८॥
वर्णधर्मास्त्विमे प्रोक्ताः श्रूयन्तां चाश्रमाश्रयाः ॥८॥
8. tadvad dvijātiśuśrūṣā poṣaṇaṃ krayavikrayau .
varṇadharmāstvime proktāḥ śrūyantāṃ cāśramāśrayāḥ.
varṇadharmāstvime proktāḥ śrūyantāṃ cāśramāśrayāḥ.
8.
tadvat dvijātiśuśrūṣā poṣaṇam krayavikrayau
varṇadharmāḥ tu ime proktāḥ śrūyantām ca āśramāśrayāḥ
varṇadharmāḥ tu ime proktāḥ śrūyantām ca āśramāśrayāḥ
8.
Similarly, service to the twice-born (dvijāti), maintenance of others, and buying and selling (krayavikraya) – these are the duties (dharma) specific to the social classes, as declared. Now, let those duties pertaining to the stages of life (āśrama) also be heard.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- तद्वत् (tadvat) - like that, similarly, in the same way
- द्विजातिशुश्रूषा (dvijātiśuśrūṣā) - service to the twice-born
- पोषणम् (poṣaṇam) - maintenance/support of dependants or community (nourishment, maintenance, rearing)
- क्रयविक्रयौ (krayavikrayau) - trade, commerce (buying and selling)
- वर्णधर्माः (varṇadharmāḥ) - duties (dharma) of the social classes
- तु (tu) - indeed, emphasizes the statement (but, indeed, however)
- इमे (ime) - these (referring to the previously listed duties) (these)
- प्रोक्ताः (proktāḥ) - declared, stated, taught
- श्रूयन्ताम् (śrūyantām) - let them be heard
- च (ca) - and
- आश्रमाश्रयाः (āśramāśrayāḥ) - duties based on the stages of life (those relating to the āśramas (stages of life))
Words meanings and morphology
तद्वत् (tadvat) - like that, similarly, in the same way
(indeclinable)
From `tad` (that) + `vat` suffix (like).
Note: Connects back to the previous enumeration of duties.
द्विजातिशुश्रूषा (dvijātiśuśrūṣā) - service to the twice-born
(noun)
Nominative, feminine, singular of dvijātiśuśrūṣā
dvijātiśuśrūṣā - service to the twice-born (Brahmins, Kṣatriyas, Vaiśyas)
Compound of `dvijāti` and `śuśrūṣā`.
Compound type : tatpurusha (dvijāti+śuśrūṣā)
- dvijāti – twice-born (referring to Brahmins, Kṣatriyas, and Vaiśyas), bird, snake, tooth
noun (masculine)
`dvi` (twice) + `jāti` (born).
Root: jan (class 4) - śuśrūṣā – service, attendance, obedience, desire to hear
noun (feminine)
From desiderative of root `śru` (to hear).
Root: śru (class 5)
Note: One of the duties listed.
पोषणम् (poṣaṇam) - maintenance/support of dependants or community (nourishment, maintenance, rearing)
(noun)
Nominative, neuter, singular of poṣaṇa
poṣaṇa - nourishing, rearing, maintaining, fostering
From root `puṣ` (to nourish, thrive) + `ana` suffix.
Root: puṣ (class 4)
Note: Another duty listed.
क्रयविक्रयौ (krayavikrayau) - trade, commerce (buying and selling)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, dual of krayavikraya
krayavikraya - buying and selling, trade
Dvandva compound of `kraya` (buying) and `vikraya` (selling).
Compound type : dvandva (kraya+vikraya)
- kraya – buying, purchase
noun (masculine)
From root `krī` (to buy) + `a` suffix.
Root: krī (class 9) - vikraya – selling, sale
noun (masculine)
From `vi` + root `krī` (to sell) + `a` suffix.
Prefix: vi
Root: krī (class 9)
Note: Another duty listed, specifically for Vaiśyas.
वर्णधर्माः (varṇadharmāḥ) - duties (dharma) of the social classes
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of varṇadharma
varṇadharma - duty (dharma) pertaining to a particular social class (varṇa)
Compound of `varṇa` and `dharma`.
Compound type : tatpurusha (varṇa+dharma)
- varṇa – color, class, social order, caste
noun (masculine)
From root `vṛ` (to choose, cover) + `na` suffix.
Root: vṛ (class 5) - dharma – duty, righteousness, natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature
noun (masculine)
From root `dhṛ` (to uphold, support) + `man` suffix.
Root: dhṛ (class 1)
Note: Subject of the sentence.
तु (tu) - indeed, emphasizes the statement (but, indeed, however)
(indeclinable)
इमे (ime) - these (referring to the previously listed duties) (these)
(pronoun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of idam
idam - this, these, he, she, it
Note: Agrees with `varṇadharmāḥ` and `proktāḥ`.
प्रोक्ताः (proktāḥ) - declared, stated, taught
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, plural of prokta
prokta - declared, spoken, said, taught, stated
Past Passive Participle
From `pra` + root `vac` (to speak, say).
Prefix: pra
Root: vac (class 2)
Note: Participle acting as main verb (implied 'are declared').
श्रूयन्ताम् (śrūyantām) - let them be heard
(verb)
3rd person , plural, passive, imperative (lot) of śrū
Imperative
Passive voice, 3rd person plural imperative. From root `śru` (to hear).
Root: śru (class 5)
Note: Subject (implied) is `āśramāśrayāḥ`.
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
Note: Connects the two clauses.
आश्रमाश्रयाः (āśramāśrayāḥ) - duties based on the stages of life (those relating to the āśramas (stages of life))
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, plural of āśramāśraya
āśramāśraya - dependent on or relating to the āśrama (stage of life)
Compound of `āśrama` and `āśraya`.
Compound type : tatpurusha (āśrama+āśraya)
- āśrama – hermitage, monastic retreat, stage of life, order of life
noun (masculine)
From `ā` + root `śram` (to toil, exert).
Prefix: ā
Root: śram (class 4) - āśraya – resort, refuge, dependence, related to
noun (masculine)
From `ā` + root `śri` (to resort to, cling to) + `a` suffix.
Prefix: ā
Root: śri (class 1)
Note: Qualifies implicit 'dharmāḥ' (duties).