मार्कण्डेय-पुराणम्
mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇam
-
chapter-28, verse-7
दानं यज्ञोऽथ शुश्रूषा द्विजातीनां त्रिधा मया ।
व्याख्यातः शूद्रधर्मोऽपि जीविका कारुकर्म च ॥७॥
व्याख्यातः शूद्रधर्मोऽपि जीविका कारुकर्म च ॥७॥
7. dānaṃ yajño'tha śuśrūṣā dvijātīnāṃ tridhā mayā .
vyākhyātaḥ śūdradharmo'pi jīvikā kārukarma ca.
vyākhyātaḥ śūdradharmo'pi jīvikā kārukarma ca.
7.
dānam yajñaḥ atha śuśrūṣā dvijātīnām tridhā mayā
vyākhyātaḥ śūdradharmaḥ api jīvikā kārukarma ca
vyākhyātaḥ śūdradharmaḥ api jīvikā kārukarma ca
7.
Now, charity (dāna), Vedic ritual (yajña), and service to the twice-born (dvijāti) have been explained by me as the three-fold duties (dharma) of a Śūdra. Artisan work is also his livelihood.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- दानम् (dānam) - gift, charity, donation
- यज्ञः (yajñaḥ) - ritual sacrifice, worship
- अथ (atha) - now (introducing the next point) (now, then, moreover)
- शुश्रूषा (śuśrūṣā) - devoted service (service, desire to hear or serve)
- द्विजातीनाम् (dvijātīnām) - of the Brahmins, Kṣatriyas, and Vaiśyas (of the twice-born)
- त्रिधा (tridhā) - in three ways, three-fold
- मया (mayā) - by the speaker/narrator (by me)
- व्याख्यातः (vyākhyātaḥ) - explained, described, stated
- शूद्रधर्मः (śūdradharmaḥ) - the duty (dharma) of a Śūdra
- अपि (api) - also, even, too
- जीविका (jīvikā) - livelihood, means of subsistence
- कारुकर्म (kārukarma) - artisan work, craft
- च (ca) - and
Words meanings and morphology
दानम् (dānam) - gift, charity, donation
(noun)
Nominative, neuter, singular of dāna
dāna - gift, donation, charity, giving
Derived from root `dā` (to give) + `ana` suffix.
Root: dā (class 3)
Note: One of the three-fold duties for Śūdras.
यज्ञः (yajñaḥ) - ritual sacrifice, worship
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of yajña
yajña - sacrifice, worship, offering
From root `yaj` (to sacrifice, worship) + `na` suffix.
Root: yaj (class 1)
Note: One of the three-fold duties for Śūdras.
अथ (atha) - now (introducing the next point) (now, then, moreover)
(indeclinable)
शुश्रूषा (śuśrūṣā) - devoted service (service, desire to hear or serve)
(noun)
Nominative, feminine, singular of śuśrūṣā
śuśrūṣā - service, attendance, obedience, desire to hear
From desiderative of root `śru` (to hear).
Root: śru (class 5)
Note: One of the three-fold duties for Śūdras.
द्विजातीनाम् (dvijātīnām) - of the Brahmins, Kṣatriyas, and Vaiśyas (of the twice-born)
(noun)
Genitive, masculine, plural of dvijāti
dvijāti - twice-born (referring to Brahmins, Kṣatriyas, and Vaiśyas who undergo the sacred thread ceremony), bird, snake, tooth
`dvi` (twice) + `jāti` (born).
Compound type : karmadhāraya (dvi+jāti)
- dvi – two, twice
numeral - jāti – birth, origin, species, class, family
noun (feminine)
From root `jan` (to be born) + `ti` suffix.
Root: jan (class 4)
Note: Governed by `śuśrūṣā` (service *to* them).
त्रिधा (tridhā) - in three ways, three-fold
(indeclinable)
From `tri` (three) + `dhā` (suffix indicating manner).
मया (mayā) - by the speaker/narrator (by me)
(pronoun)
Instrumental, singular of aham
aham - I
First person singular pronoun.
Note: Agent in a passive construction.
व्याख्यातः (vyākhyātaḥ) - explained, described, stated
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of vyākhyāta
vyākhyāta - explained, described, declared, expounded
Past Passive Participle
Derived from `vi` + `ā` + root `khyā` (to tell, declare).
Prefixes: vi+ā
Root: khyā (class 2)
Note: Participle acting as the main verb.
शूद्रधर्मः (śūdradharmaḥ) - the duty (dharma) of a Śūdra
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of śūdradharma
śūdradharma - the specific duty or constitution (dharma) of a Śūdra
Compound of `śūdra` and `dharma`.
Compound type : tatpurusha (śūdra+dharma)
- śūdra – a member of the fourth social class (Śūdra)
noun (masculine) - dharma – duty, righteousness, natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature
noun (masculine)
From root `dhṛ` (to uphold, support) + `man` suffix.
Root: dhṛ (class 1)
Note: Subject of the passive verb `vyākhyātaḥ`.
अपि (api) - also, even, too
(indeclinable)
Note: Emphasizes that Śūdra's dharma is *also* explained.
जीविका (jīvikā) - livelihood, means of subsistence
(noun)
Nominative, feminine, singular of jīvikā
jīvikā - livelihood, subsistence, profession, means of living
From root `jīv` (to live) + `ika` suffix.
Root: jīv (class 1)
Note: Predicate nominative.
कारुकर्म (kārukarma) - artisan work, craft
(noun)
Nominative, neuter, singular of kārukarma
kārukarma - work of artisans, handicraft, mechanical art
Compound of `kāru` (artisan) and `karma` (work).
Compound type : tatpurusha (kāru+karma)
- kāru – artisan, craftsman, mechanic
noun (masculine) - karma – action, deed, work, ritual
noun (neuter)
From root `kṛ` (to do, make) + `man` suffix.
Root: kṛ (class 8)
Note: Subject of the implied verb 'is'.
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
Note: Connects `kārukarma` as part of `jīvikā`.