महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-89, verse-21

सहसा चाभवत्तीव्रं संनिपातान्महद्रजः ।
रथाश्वगजपत्तीनां पदनेमिसमुद्धतम् ॥२१॥

21. sahasā cābhavattīvraṁ saṁnipātānmahadrajaḥ ,
rathāśvagajapattīnāṁ padanemisamuddhatam.

21. sahasā ca abhavat tīvram sannipātāt mahat
rajaḥ rathāśvagajapattīnām padanemisamuddhatam

21. sahasā ca rathāśvagajapattīnām sannipātāt
padanemisamuddhatam mahat tīvram rajaḥ abhavat

21. Suddenly, an intense and great dust arose from the clash of chariots, horses, elephants, and foot-soldiers, stirred up by their feet and the rims of their wheels.

Words meanings summery:

• सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, forcibly, violently

• च (ca) - and, also

• अभवत् (abhavat) - became, arose, was

• तीव्रम् (tīvram) - intense, sharp, fierce, violent

• सन्निपातात् (sannipātāt) - from the collision, from the clash, from the meeting

• महत् (mahat) - great, large, vast

• रजः (rajaḥ) - dust, dirt, pollen

• रथाश्वगजपत्तीनाम् (rathāśvagajapattīnām) - of chariots, horses, elephants, and foot-soldiers

• पदनेमिसमुद्धतम् (padanemisamuddhatam) - stirred up/raised by feet and wheel-rims

Words meanings and morphology

सहसा (sahasā) - suddenly, forcibly, violently

(indeclinable)

Formed from sahas (strength, force).

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

अभवत् (abhavat) - became, arose, was

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of bhū

Imperfect (Laṅ), 3rd person singular, active voice

From root bhū, class 1, parasmaipada.

Root: bhū (class 1)

तीव्रम् (tīvram) - intense, sharp, fierce, violent

(adjective)

neuter, singular of tīvra

tīvra - intense, sharp, fierce, violent

Note: Agrees with rajaḥ.

सन्निपातात् (sannipātāt) - from the collision, from the clash, from the meeting

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of sannipāta

sannipāta - collision, clash, meeting, falling together

From sam-ni-pat (to fall together).

Prefixes: sam+ni

Root: pat (class 1)

Note: Indicates source or cause.

महत् (mahat) - great, large, vast

(adjective)

neuter, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, vast

Present active participle of mah (to be great) or from root maṅ (to measure).

Nominative/accusative singular neuter of mahat (great).

Root: mah

रजः (rajaḥ) - dust, dirt, pollen

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, dirt, pollen, atom, impurity, passion

s-stem noun.

Root: rañj (class 1)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

रथाश्वगजपत्तीनाम् (rathāśvagajapattīnām) - of chariots, horses, elephants, and foot-soldiers

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of rathāśvagajapatti

rathāśvagajapatti - chariots, horses, elephants, and foot-soldiers (a compound representing the four divisions of an army)

Dvandva compound.

Compound type : dvandva (ratha+aśva+gaja+patti)

• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
• aśva – horse
  noun (masculine)
• gaja – elephant
  noun (masculine)
• patti – foot-soldier, infantry
  noun (masculine)

Note: Possessive, describing the source of the clash.

पदनेमिसमुद्धतम् (padanemisamuddhatam) - stirred up/raised by feet and wheel-rims

(adjective)

neuter, singular of padanemisamuddhata

padanemisamuddhata - stirred up by feet and wheel-rims

Past Passive Participle (for samuddhata)

Tatpurusha compound: (pada-nemi) + samuddhata. Pada-nemi is a dvandva compound.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (pada+nemi+samuddhata)

• pada – foot
  noun (neuter)
• nemi – wheel-rim, circumference
  noun (feminine)
• samuddhata – stirred up, raised, agitated
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root han (to strike, slay, move) with upasargas sam-ut.
  Prefixes: sam+ut
  Root: han (class 2)

Note: Agrees with rajaḥ.