महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-58, verse-7

दमयन्त्येकवस्त्रा तं गच्छन्तं पृष्ठतोऽन्वियात् ।
स तया बाह्यतः सार्धं त्रिरात्रं नैषधोऽवसत् ॥७॥

7. damayantyekavastrā taṁ gacchantaṁ pṛṣṭhato'nviyāt ,
sa tayā bāhyataḥ sārdhaṁ trirātraṁ naiṣadho'vasat.

7. damayantī ekavastrā tam gacchantam pṛṣṭhataḥ anviyāt
saḥ tayā bāhyataḥ sārdham trirātram naiṣadhaḥ avasat

7. Damayantī, clad in a single garment, followed him from behind as he went. The King of Niṣadha (Naiṣadha), along with her, stayed outside the city for three nights.

Words meanings summery:

• दमयन्ती (damayantī) - Damayantī (name of Nala's wife)

• एकवस्त्रा (ekavastrā) - wearing a single garment, having one cloth

• तम् (tam) - him (Nala) (him, that (masculine accusative singular))

• गच्छन्तम् (gacchantam) - going, walking, moving

• पृष्ठतः (pṛṣṭhataḥ) - from behind, behind, at the back

• अन्वियात् (anviyāt) - she might follow, she should follow, she followed

• सः (saḥ) - he (Nala) (he, that (masculine nominative singular))

• तया (tayā) - with her (Damayantī) (by her, with her)

• बाह्यतः (bāhyataḥ) - from outside, outside, externally

• सार्धम् (sārdham) - with, together with, along with

• त्रिरात्रम् (trirātram) - for three nights, a period of three nights

• नैषधः (naiṣadhaḥ) - King Nala, who is from the Niṣadha kingdom (King of Niṣadha)

• अवसत् (avasat) - he stayed, he resided, he dwelt

Words meanings and morphology

दमयन्ती (damayantī) - Damayantī (name of Nala's wife)

(proper noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of damayantī

damayantī - Damayantī (a proper name, particularly Nala's wife)

एकवस्त्रा (ekavastrā) - wearing a single garment, having one cloth

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of ekavastrā

ekavastrā - having one garment; clad in a single dress

Compound of eka (one) and vastra (garment).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (eka+vastra)

• eka – one, single, unique
  numeral (masculine)
• vastra – garment, clothing, cloth
  noun (neuter)
  Root: vas (class 10)

तम् (tam) - him (Nala) (him, that (masculine accusative singular))

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

गच्छन्तम् (gacchantam) - going, walking, moving

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of gacchat

gacchat - going, walking, moving

Present Active Participle

Present active participle of the root 'gam' (to go), Class 1.

Root: gam (class 1)

पृष्ठतः (pṛṣṭhataḥ) - from behind, behind, at the back

(indeclinable)

Adverbial suffix '-tas' added to 'pṛṣṭha' (back).

अन्वियात् (anviyāt) - she might follow, she should follow, she followed

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (Liṅ) of i

Optative

3rd person singular Optative (vidhi-liṅ) of the root 'i' (to go) with prefix 'anu'.

Prefix: anu

Root: i (class 2)

Note: The optative can sometimes express past actions in narratives.

सः (saḥ) - he (Nala) (he, that (masculine nominative singular))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

तया (tayā) - with her (Damayantī) (by her, with her)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

बाह्यतः (bāhyataḥ) - from outside, outside, externally

(indeclinable)

Adverbial suffix '-tas' added to 'bāhya' (external).

सार्धम् (sārdham) - with, together with, along with

(indeclinable)

त्रिरात्रम् (trirātram) - for three nights, a period of three nights

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of trirātra

trirātra - a period of three nights

Compound of 'tri' (three) and 'rātra' (night).

Compound type : dvigu (tri+rātra)

• tri – three
  numeral (masculine)
• rātra – night
  noun (neuter)
  From 'rātri' (night).

Note: Used adverbially to indicate duration.

नैषधः (naiṣadhaḥ) - King Nala, who is from the Niṣadha kingdom (King of Niṣadha)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of naiṣadha

naiṣadha - relating to Niṣadha; an inhabitant of Niṣadha; king of Niṣadha

Derived from 'Niṣadha' (name of a country/mountain) with a 'aṇ' suffix, indicating origin or relation (patronymic).

अवसत् (avasat) - he stayed, he resided, he dwelt

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (Laṅ) of vas

Imperfect

3rd person singular Imperfect (Laṅ) of the root 'vas', Class 1.

Root: vas (class 1)