महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-43, verse-17

नातप्ततपसा शक्य एष दिव्यो महारथः ।
द्रष्टुं वाप्यथ वा स्प्रष्टुमारोढुं कुत एव तु ॥१७॥

17. nātaptatapasā śakya eṣa divyo mahārathaḥ ,
draṣṭuṁ vāpyatha vā spraṣṭumāroḍhuṁ kuta eva tu.

17. na ataptatapasā śakyaḥ eṣaḥ divyaḥ mahārathaḥ
draṣṭum vā api atha vā spraṣṭum āroḍhum kutaḥ eva tu

17. This divine great chariot is not possible for one who has not performed austerities (tapas) even to see or to touch, let alone to mount.

Words meanings summery:

• न (na) - not, no

• अतप्ततपसा (ataptatapasā) - by one who has not performed austerities, by an un-austere person

• शक्यः (śakyaḥ) - possible, capable, able to be done

• एषः (eṣaḥ) - this (masculine)

• दिव्यः (divyaḥ) - divine, celestial, heavenly

• महारथः (mahārathaḥ) - great chariot (a great chariot, a great warrior)

• द्रष्टुम् (draṣṭum) - to see, to perceive

• वा (vā) - or, either

• अपि (api) - even, also, too

• अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

• वा (vā) - or, either

• स्प्रष्टुम् (spraṣṭum) - to touch, to feel

• आरोढुम् (āroḍhum) - to ascend, to mount, to climb upon

• कुतः (kutaḥ) - how (much less) (whence, from where, how, why)

• एव (eva) - indeed, certainly (indeed, only, just)

• तु (tu) - indeed, then (for emphasis) (but, indeed, however)

Words meanings and morphology

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Negative particle

अतप्ततपसा (ataptatapasā) - by one who has not performed austerities, by an un-austere person

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of ataptatapas

ataptatapas - one who has not performed austerities (tapas)

Bahuvrīhi compound: na (not) + tapta (performed/heated) + tapas (austerity). Tapta is a past passive participle of tap (to heat, to perform austerity).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (a+tapta+tapas)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• tapta – heated, performed (austerity), tormented
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root tap (to heat, perform austerity)
  Root: tap (class 1)
• tapas – austerity, penance, heat, spiritual fervor
  noun (neuter)
  Root: tap (class 1)

Note: The instrumental case indicates "by whom" or "by what means" something is not possible.

शक्यः (śakyaḥ) - possible, capable, able to be done

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śakya

śakya - possible, practicable, capable of being done

Gerundive (kṛtya)

From root śak (to be able) + ya.

Root: śak (class 5)

Note: Agrees with mahārathaḥ.

एषः (eṣaḥ) - this (masculine)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of etad

etad - this, this one

Demonstrative pronoun

Note: Refers to mahārathaḥ.

दिव्यः (divyaḥ) - divine, celestial, heavenly

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of divya

divya - divine, celestial, heavenly, wondrous

From div (sky, heaven) + ya (taddhita suffix).

Root: div (class 4)

महारथः (mahārathaḥ) - great chariot (a great chariot, a great warrior)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahāratha

mahāratha - great chariot, great warrior, great hero

Karmadhāraya compound: mahā (great) + ratha (chariot).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+ratha)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective (masculine)
• ratha – chariot, car, vehicle
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ram

द्रष्टुम् (draṣṭum) - to see, to perceive

(indeclinable)

infinitive (tumun)

Infinitive form of the verb dṛś.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Used in conjunction with śakyaḥ.

वा (vā) - or, either

(indeclinable)

Conjunction

अपि (api) - even, also, too

(indeclinable)

Particle

Note: Intensifies the following atha vā.

अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

(indeclinable)

Conjunction/Adverb

वा (vā) - or, either

(indeclinable)

Conjunction

स्प्रष्टुम् (spraṣṭum) - to touch, to feel

(indeclinable)

infinitive (tumun)

Infinitive form of the verb spṛś.

Root: spṛś (class 6)

आरोढुम् (āroḍhum) - to ascend, to mount, to climb upon

(indeclinable)

infinitive (tumun)

Infinitive form of the verb ā-ruh.

Prefix: ā

Root: ruh (class 1)

कुतः (kutaḥ) - how (much less) (whence, from where, how, why)

(indeclinable)

Adverb/Interrogative particle

Note: Often used with eva to express impossibility or a rhetorical question.

एव (eva) - indeed, certainly (indeed, only, just)

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle

तु (tu) - indeed, then (for emphasis) (but, indeed, however)

(indeclinable)

Particle