योगवासिष्ठः yogavāsiṣṭhaḥ - book-7, chapter-130, verse-32

दशरथ उवाच ।
अहो बत चिरं कालमालानेनेव दन्तिना ।
वन्येनाविद्यया दुःखमनुभूतं विपश्चिता ॥ ३२ ॥

daśaratha uvāca ,
aho bata ciraṃ kālamālāneneva dantinā ,
vanyenāvidyayā duḥkhamanubhūtaṃ vipaścitā 32

32. daśaratha uvāca aho bata ciram kālam ālāṇena iva
dantinā vanyena avidyayā duḥkham anubhūtam vipaścitā

32. daśaratha uvāca aho bata vanyena avidyayā ālāṇena
dantinā iva duḥkham ciram kālam vipaścitā anubhūtam

32. Daśaratha spoke: 'Alas! For a long time, this wise one (vipaścit) has experienced suffering (duḥkha) due to primal ignorance (avidyā), just like a wild elephant (dantin) bound to a post.'

Words meanings summery:

• दशरथ (daśaratha) - Daśaratha (name of a king)

• उवाच (uvāca) - he spoke, he said

• अहो (aho) - Alas! (Oh!, Alas!, Ah!)

• बत (bata) - alas (indeed, alas, oh, for shame)

• चिरम् (ciram) - for a long time (for a long time, for long)

• कालम् (kālam) - time (time, duration)

• आलाणेन (ālāṇena) - by a post (for binding an elephant) (by a post, by a stake (for tying animals))

• इव (iva) - just like (like, as, as if)

• दन्तिना (dantinā) - by a wild elephant (by an elephant, by a tusked animal)

• वन्येन (vanyena) - by primal (ignorance), referring to the wild nature of avidya (by a wild, by a forest-dwelling)

• अविद्यया (avidyayā) - by primal ignorance (avidyā) (by ignorance, by nescience)

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering (suffering, sorrow, pain)

• अनुभूतम् (anubhūtam) - was experienced (experienced, felt)

• विपश्चिता (vipaścitā) - by this wise one (Vasiṣṭha) (by the wise one, by the sage)

Words meanings and morphology

दशरथ (daśaratha) - Daśaratha (name of a king)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of daśaratha

daśaratha - Daśaratha (a proper name, particularly the king of Ayodhyā, father of Rāma)

उवाच (uvāca) - he spoke, he said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

perfect active indicative, 3rd person singular

Irregular perfect form of the root vac.

Root: vac (class 2)

अहो (aho) - Alas! (Oh!, Alas!, Ah!)

(indeclinable)

Exclamatory particle.

Note: Expresses regret or surprise.

बत (bata) - alas (indeed, alas, oh, for shame)

(indeclinable)

Emphatic or exclamatory particle.

चिरम् (ciram) - for a long time (for a long time, for long)

(indeclinable)

Note: Accusative singular neuter used adverbially.

कालम् (kālam) - time (time, duration)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, season, period, death

Root: kal (class 10)

Note: Used with ciram to mean 'for a long time'.

आलाणेन (ālāṇena) - by a post (for binding an elephant) (by a post, by a stake (for tying animals))

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of ālāṇa

ālāṇa - a post, a stake, a pillar (especially for tying an elephant)

From ā + root lā or lī (to stick, cling).

Root: lā (class 1)

Note: The comparison is 'like by an elephant bound *by* a post'.

इव (iva) - just like (like, as, as if)

(indeclinable)

Particle of comparison.

दन्तिना (dantinā) - by a wild elephant (by an elephant, by a tusked animal)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of dantin

dantin - tusked, having teeth, an elephant

From danta (tooth/tusk) + suffix -in.

Note: Paired with ālāṇena in the simile.

वन्येन (vanyena) - by primal (ignorance), referring to the wild nature of avidya (by a wild, by a forest-dwelling)

(adjective)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of vanya

vanya - wild, savage, forest-dwelling, relating to a forest

Derived from vana (forest).

अविद्यया (avidyayā) - by primal ignorance (avidyā) (by ignorance, by nescience)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of avidyā

avidyā - ignorance, nescience, spiritual ignorance (avidyā)

Negation (a-) of vidyā (knowledge).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+vidyā)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix.
• vidyā – knowledge, learning, science
  noun (feminine)
  From root vid (to know).
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Causal instrumental: 'due to ignorance'.

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering (suffering, sorrow, pain)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - suffering, sorrow, pain, unhappiness

From dus (bad) + kha (opening/axle-hole - implying a bad or uncomfortable carriage).

Note: Subject of the passive verb anubhūtam.

अनुभूतम् (anubhūtam) - was experienced (experienced, felt)

(participle)

Nominative, neuter, singular of anubhūta

anubhūta - experienced, felt, perceived

Past Passive Participle

From root bhū (to be) with prefix anu (after, along, with).

Prefix: anu

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Used predicatively as the main verb of the sentence.

विपश्चिता (vipaścitā) - by this wise one (Vasiṣṭha) (by the wise one, by the sage)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of vipaścit

vipaścit - wise, learned, intelligent, discerning, a sage, a seer

From root paś (to see) with prefix vi (intensifier).

Prefix: vi

Root: paś (class 1)

Note: Agent of the passive verb anubhūtam. Refers to Vasiṣṭha.

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