वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-52, verse-20

शासनात् कपिराजस्य वयं सर्वे विनिर्गताः ।
मासः पूर्णो बिलस्थानां हरयः किं न बुध्यते ॥२०॥

20. śāsanāt kapirājasya vayaṃ sarve vinirgatāḥ ,
māsaḥ pūrṇo bilasthānāṃ harayaḥ kiṃ na budhyate.

20. śāsanāt kapirājasya vayam sarve vinirgatāḥ
māsaḥ pūrṇaḥ bilasthānām harayaḥ kim na budhyate

20. kapirājasya śāsanāt sarve vayam vinirgatāḥ.
harayaḥ,
bilasthānām māsaḥ pūrṇaḥ kim na budhyate?

20. From the command of the monkey king (kapi-rāja), all of us set out. A month has now elapsed for us who were in the cave (bila). O monkeys, why do you not realize this?

Words meanings summery:

• शासनात् (śāsanāt) - by the command (from the command, by the order, on account of the rule)

• कपिराजस्य (kapirājasya) - of the monkey king (kapi-rāja) (of the king of monkeys, of the monkey king)

• वयम् (vayam) - we (all of us monkeys) (we)

• सर्वे (sarve) - all of us (all, everyone)

• विनिर्गताः (vinirgatāḥ) - departed, set out (departed, gone out, emerged)

• मासः (māsaḥ) - month

• पूर्णः (pūrṇaḥ) - complete, elapsed (full, complete, elapsed)

• बिलस्थानाम् (bilasthānām) - of those (monkeys) who were in the cave (bila) (of those who are in a cave, of cave-dwellers)

• हरयः (harayaḥ) - O monkeys (monkeys, reddish-brown ones)

• किम् (kim) - why (what, why, whether)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• बुध्यते (budhyate) - understand, realize (understands, realizes, knows)

Words meanings and morphology

शासनात् (śāsanāt) - by the command (from the command, by the order, on account of the rule)

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of śāsana

śāsana - command, order, rule, teaching

From root √śās (to command, teach)

Root: śās (class 2)

कपिराजस्य (kapirājasya) - of the monkey king (kapi-rāja) (of the king of monkeys, of the monkey king)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of kapirāja

kapirāja - king of monkeys, monkey king

Compound: kapi (monkey) + rāja (king)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kapi+rājan)

• kapi – monkey, ape
  noun (masculine)
• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to Sugrīva.

वयम् (vayam) - we (all of us monkeys) (we)

(pronoun)

Nominative, plural of asmad

asmad - I, we

सर्वे (sarve) - all of us (all, everyone)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole

Note: Agrees with 'vayam'.

विनिर्गताः (vinirgatāḥ) - departed, set out (departed, gone out, emerged)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vinirgata

vinirgata - departed, gone out, emerged

Past Passive Participle

From root √gam with prefixes vi- + nir-

Prefixes: vi+nir

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'vayam'.

मासः (māsaḥ) - month

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of māsa

māsa - month

Note: Subject of the predicate adjective 'pūrṇaḥ'.

पूर्णः (pūrṇaḥ) - complete, elapsed (full, complete, elapsed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pūrṇa

pūrṇa - full, complete, filled

Past Passive Participle

From root √pṛ (to fill)

Root: pṛ (class 3)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'māsaḥ'.

बिलस्थानाम् (bilasthānām) - of those (monkeys) who were in the cave (bila) (of those who are in a cave, of cave-dwellers)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of bilastha

bilastha - staying in a cave/hole, cave-dweller

Compound: bila (cave) + stha (standing, being)

Compound type : upapada tatpuruṣa (bila+stha)

• bila – cave, hole, cavern
  noun (neuter)
• stha – standing, being, existing, located
  adjective
  From root √sthā
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Expresses possession or relation, 'for those of us'.

हरयः (harayaḥ) - O monkeys (monkeys, reddish-brown ones)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, plural of hari

hari - monkey, lion, sun, Viṣṇu, reddish-brown

Note: Addressed to the monkeys.

किम् (kim) - why (what, why, whether)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

बुध्यते (budhyate) - understand, realize (understands, realizes, knows)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of budh

Present Middle Third Person Singular

From root √budh (Divādi class 4, Ātmanepada)

Root: budh (class 4)