वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-3, chapter-22, verse-8

बभूव तिमिरं घोरमुद्धतं रोमहर्षणम् ।
दिशो वा विदिशो वापि सुव्यक्तं न चकाशिरे ॥८॥

8. babhūva timiraṃ ghoramuddhataṃ romaharṣaṇam ,
diśo vā vidiśo vāpi suvyaktaṃ na cakāśire.

8. babhūva timiram ghoram uddhatam romaharṣaṇam
diśaḥ vā vidiśaḥ vā api suvyaktam na cakāśire

8. ghoram uddhatam romaharṣaṇam timiram babhūva
diśaḥ vā vidiśaḥ vā api suvyaktam na cakāśire

8. A terrible, dense, and horrifying darkness arose. Neither the main directions nor the intermediate directions were clearly visible.

Words meanings summery:

• बभूव (babhūva) - it became, there was

• तिमिरम् (timiram) - darkness, gloom

• घोरम् (ghoram) - terrible, dreadful

• उद्धतम् (uddhatam) - dense, oppressive (darkness) (intense, dense, violent, swollen)

• रोमहर्षणम् (romaharṣaṇam) - hair-raising, horrifying

• दिशः (diśaḥ) - the cardinal directions (directions)

• वा (vā) - nor (in 'neither...nor' construction) (or)

• विदिशः (vidiśaḥ) - the intermediate directions (NE, SE, NW, SW) (intermediate directions)

• अपि (api) - even (part of 'neither...nor') (also, even, too)

• सुव्यक्तम् (suvyaktam) - clearly, distinctly

• न (na) - not, no

• चकाशिरे (cakāśire) - were visible, appeared (they shone, they appeared)

Words meanings and morphology

बभूव (babhūva) - it became, there was

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, Perfect (Lit) of bhū

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular

Derived from root bhū

Root: bhū (class 1)

तिमिरम् (timiram) - darkness, gloom

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of timira

timira - darkness, gloom, murkiness

Root: tim (class 4)

Note: Subject of 'babhūva'.

घोरम् (ghoram) - terrible, dreadful

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of ghora

ghora - dreadful, terrible, fearful, formidable

Derived from root ghūr (to move quickly, vibrate), or bhī (to fear)

Root: ghūr (class 1)

उद्धतम् (uddhatam) - dense, oppressive (darkness) (intense, dense, violent, swollen)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of uddhata

uddhata - raised, elevated, arrogant, impetuous, dense, thick

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root han (to strike, to remove) with prefix ud

Prefix: ud

Root: han (class 2)

रोमहर्षणम् (romaharṣaṇam) - hair-raising, horrifying

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of romaharṣaṇa

romaharṣaṇa - causing the hair to stand on end, thrilling, horrifying

Derived from root hṛṣ with suffix -ana, compounded with roman

Compound type : tatpurusha (roman+harṣaṇa)

• roman – hair (on the body)
  noun (neuter)
• harṣaṇa – causing excitement, thrilling, bristling
  adjective (neuter)
  causative verbal noun/adjective
  Derived from root hṛṣ
  Root: hṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Adjective for 'timiram'.

दिशः (diśaḥ) - the cardinal directions (directions)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of diś

diś - direction, quarter of the sky

Root: diś (class 6)

Note: Subject of 'cakāśire'.

वा (vā) - nor (in 'neither...nor' construction) (or)

(indeclinable)

विदिशः (vidiśaḥ) - the intermediate directions (NE, SE, NW, SW) (intermediate directions)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of vidiś

vidiś - intermediate direction (e.g., northeast, southeast)

Prefix: vi

Root: diś (class 6)

Note: Subject of 'cakāśire'.

अपि (api) - even (part of 'neither...nor') (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)

सुव्यक्तम् (suvyaktam) - clearly, distinctly

(indeclinable)

Past Passive Participle (used adverbially)

Derived from root añj (to anoint, manifest) with prefix vi, and su. Used as an adverb.

Prefixes: su+vi

Root: añj (class 7)

Note: Adverbial usage of neuter accusative singular.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

चकाशिरे (cakāśire) - were visible, appeared (they shone, they appeared)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, Perfect (Lit) of kāś

Perfect tense, 3rd person plural

Derived from root kāś

Root: kāś (class 1)