वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-3, chapter-22, verse-16

खरस्य च रथस्थस्य नर्दमानस्य धीमतः ।
प्राकम्पत भुजः सव्यः खरश्चास्यावसज्जत ॥१६॥

16. kharasya ca rathasthasya nardamānasya dhīmataḥ ,
prākampata bhujaḥ savyaḥ kharaścāsyāvasajjata.

16. kharasya ca rathasthasya nardamānasya dhīmataḥ
prākampata bhujaḥ savyaḥ kharaḥ ca asya avasajjata

16. rathasthasya nardamānasya dhīmataḥ kharasya ca
savyaḥ bhujaḥ prākampata kharaḥ ca asya avasajjata

16. The left arm of intelligent Khara, who was standing in his chariot and roaring, trembled. And Khara himself became hindered.

Words meanings summery:

• खरस्य (kharasya) - Of the demon Khara. (of Khara)

• च (ca) - and, also

• रथस्थस्य (rathasthasya) - of one standing in a chariot, of one who is charioted

• नर्दमानस्य (nardamānasya) - of one who is roaring, bellowing

• धीमतः (dhīmataḥ) - of the intelligent one, of the wise one

• प्राकम्पत (prākampata) - it trembled, it shook

• भुजः (bhujaḥ) - arm

• सव्यः (savyaḥ) - left, left-hand

• खरः (kharaḥ) - The demon Khara. (Khara)

• च (ca) - and, also

• अस्य (asya) - his, of him, for him

• अवसज्जत (avasajjata) - it became stuck, it was hindered, it sank

Words meanings and morphology

खरस्य (kharasya) - Of the demon Khara. (of Khara)

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of khara

khara - sharp, harsh, cruel; an ass/donkey; a proper noun (name of a demon)

Note: Possessive, referring to the arm.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

Note: Connects the description of Khara.

रथस्थस्य (rathasthasya) - of one standing in a chariot, of one who is charioted

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of rathastha

rathastha - standing in a chariot, charioted

Upapada Tatpuruṣa compound: 'ratha' (chariot) + 'stha' (standing/being).

Compound type : Upapada-Tatpuruṣa (ratha+stha)

• ratha – chariot, car
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ṛ
• stha – standing, staying, being in
  adjective (masculine)
  Kṛt suffix
  From root STHĀ (to stand) + -a suffix.
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'kharasya'.

नर्दमानस्य (nardamānasya) - of one who is roaring, bellowing

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of nardamāna

nardamāna - roaring, bellowing, sounding

Present Middle Participle

From root NARD (to roar, bellow) + Śānac suffix.

Root: nard (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'kharasya'.

धीमतः (dhīmataḥ) - of the intelligent one, of the wise one

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of dhīmat

dhīmat - intelligent, wise, thoughtful, sagacious

Possessive adjective formed with 'matup' suffix from 'dhī' (intellect).

Note: Qualifies 'kharasya'.

प्राकम्पत (prākampata) - it trembled, it shook

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, imperfect (luṅ) of kamp

Imperfect middle indicative, 3rd person singular

Imperfect form of root KAMP (to tremble) with prefix PRA-. The 'ā' is due to augment.

Prefix: pra

Root: kamp (class 1)

Note: Verb for 'bhujaḥ'.

भुजः (bhujaḥ) - arm

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhuja

bhuja - arm, hand, shoulder

Root: bhuj (class 7)

Note: Subject of 'prākampata'.

सव्यः (savyaḥ) - left, left-hand

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of savya

savya - left, left-hand, reverse, perverse

Note: Qualifies 'bhujaḥ'.

खरः (kharaḥ) - The demon Khara. (Khara)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of khara

khara - sharp, harsh, cruel; an ass/donkey; a proper noun (name of a demon)

Note: Refers to Khara himself.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

Note: Connects the two main clauses.

अस्य (asya) - his, of him, for him

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Can be interpreted as an ethical dative, meaning 'for his own part' or simply 'his' (referring to his situation).

अवसज्जत (avasajjata) - it became stuck, it was hindered, it sank

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, imperfect (luṅ) of sad

Imperfect middle indicative, 3rd person singular

Imperfect form of root SAD (to sink) with prefix AVA-. The 'a' augment indicates imperfect tense.

Prefix: ava

Root: sad (class 1)

Note: Refers to Khara (the person) being hindered or stuck.