वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-1, verse-20

शास्त्रज्ञश्च कृतज्ञश्च पुरुषान्तरकोविदः ।
यः प्रग्रहानुग्रहयोर्यथान्यायं विचक्षणः ॥२०॥

20. śāstrajñaśca kṛtajñaśca puruṣāntarakovidaḥ ,
yaḥ pragrahānugrahayoryathānyāyaṃ vicakṣaṇaḥ.

20. śāstrajñaḥ ca kṛtajñaḥ ca puruṣāntarakovidaḥ
yaḥ pragrahanugrahayoḥ yathānyāyam vicakṣaṇaḥ

20. yaḥ śāstrajñaḥ ca kṛtajñaḥ ca puruṣāntarakovidaḥ
pragrahanugrahayoḥ yathānyāyam vicakṣaṇaḥ

20. He who is knowledgeable in scriptures, grateful, and skilled in understanding other persons (puruṣa); who is discerning in matters of restraint and favor, acting always according to justice (dharma).

Words meanings summery:

• शास्त्रज्ञः (śāstrajñaḥ) - knowledgeable in scriptures, knowing sciences

• च (ca) - and, also

• कृतज्ञः (kṛtajñaḥ) - grateful, appreciative, knowing good deeds

• च (ca) - and, also

• पुरुषान्तरकोविदः (puruṣāntarakovidaḥ) - expert in understanding the hearts/minds of other persons (expert in understanding the nature of other people)

• यः (yaḥ) - who, which

• प्रग्रहनुग्रहयोः (pragrahanugrahayoḥ) - in matters of restraint and favor, concerning holding back and bestowing grace

• यथान्यायम् (yathānyāyam) - according to justice, properly, rightfully

• विचक्षणः (vicakṣaṇaḥ) - discerning, skilled, expert

Words meanings and morphology

शास्त्रज्ञः (śāstrajñaḥ) - knowledgeable in scriptures, knowing sciences

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śāstrajña

śāstrajña - one who knows the scriptures or sciences

compound of śāstra and jña (from jñā 'to know')

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śāstra+jña)

• śāstra – scripture, science, treatise, rule
  noun (neuter)
  from śās 'to instruct'
  Root: śās (class 2)
• jña – knowing, skilled in, expert
  adjective
  agent noun/adjective
  from root jñā 'to know'
  Root: jñā (class 9)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

कृतज्ञः (kṛtajñaḥ) - grateful, appreciative, knowing good deeds

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṛtajña

kṛtajña - grateful, knowing what has been done (by others)

compound of kṛta (past participle of kṛ 'to do') and jña (from jñā 'to know')

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kṛta+jña)

• kṛta – done, made, performed
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  from root kṛ 'to do'
  Root: kṛ (class 8)
• jña – knowing, skilled in, expert
  adjective
  agent noun/adjective
  from root jñā 'to know'
  Root: jñā (class 9)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

पुरुषान्तरकोविदः (puruṣāntarakovidaḥ) - expert in understanding the hearts/minds of other persons (expert in understanding the nature of other people)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of puruṣāntarakovida

puruṣāntarakovida - expert in other men/persons

compound of puruṣāntara and kovida

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (puruṣāntara+kovida)

• puruṣāntara – another man/person, different person
  noun (masculine)
  compound of puruṣa and antara
• kovida – skilled, learned, conversant with
  adjective
  from root vid 'to know'
  Root: vid (class 2)

यः (yaḥ) - who, which

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what (relative pronoun)

प्रग्रहनुग्रहयोः (pragrahanugrahayoḥ) - in matters of restraint and favor, concerning holding back and bestowing grace

(noun)

Locative, masculine, dual of pragrahanugraha

pragrahanugraha - restraint and favor

Dvandva compound of pragraha and anugraha

Compound type : dvandva (pragraha+anugraha)

• pragraha – restraint, control, holding forth, a rein
  noun (masculine)
  from pra + grah 'to seize'
  Prefix: pra
  Root: grah (class 9)
• anugraha – favor, grace, kindness, help
  noun (masculine)
  from anu + grah 'to seize'
  Prefix: anu
  Root: grah (class 9)

Note: The dual locative implies 'in these two matters'.

यथान्यायम् (yathānyāyam) - according to justice, properly, rightfully

(indeclinable)

avyayībhāva compound of yathā and nyāya

Compound type : avyayībhāva (yathā+nyāya)

• yathā – as, just as, in what manner
  indeclinable
• nyāya – justice, rule, method, system, logic
  noun (masculine)
  from ni + i 'to go'
  Prefix: ni
  Root: i (class 2)

Note: Adverbial usage.

विचक्षणः (vicakṣaṇaḥ) - discerning, skilled, expert

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vicakṣaṇa

vicakṣaṇa - clever, sagacious, discerning, expert

agent noun/adjective

from vi + cakṣ 'to see, observe'

Prefix: vi

Root: cakṣ (class 2)