महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-125, verse-17

कथं पतितवृत्तस्य पृथिवी सुहृदां द्रुहः ।
विवरं नाशकद्दातुं मम पार्थिवसंसदि ॥१७॥

17. kathaṁ patitavṛttasya pṛthivī suhṛdāṁ druhaḥ ,
vivaraṁ nāśakaddātuṁ mama pārthivasaṁsadi.

17. katham patitavṛttasya pṛthivī suhṛdām druhaḥ
vivaram na aśakat dātum mama pārthivasamsadi

17. pṛthivī patitavṛttasya suhṛdām druhaḥ mama
pārthivasamsadi vivaram dātum na aśakat katham

17. How is it that the earth did not open up a chasm to swallow me, a person of degraded conduct and a betrayer of friends, while I was in the assembly of kings?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how, why, in what manner

• पतितवृत्तस्य (patitavṛttasya) - refers to the speaker's own perceived degraded character (of one whose conduct is fallen, of one of degraded character)

• पृथिवी (pṛthivī) - the earth

• सुहृदाम् (suhṛdām) - of friends, of good-hearted ones

• द्रुहः (druhaḥ) - refers to the speaker, who sees himself as a betrayer (of the betrayer, of the enemy, of the injurer)

• विवरम् (vivaram) - a chasm, a hole, an opening

• न (na) - not, no

• अशकत् (aśakat) - was able (to do), could (do)

• दातुम् (dātum) - to give, for giving

• मम (mama) - to me, for me (possessive: my)

• पार्थिवसम्सदि (pārthivasamsadi) - in the assembly of kings, in the royal assembly

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how, why, in what manner

(indeclinable)

पतितवृत्तस्य (patitavṛttasya) - refers to the speaker's own perceived degraded character (of one whose conduct is fallen, of one of degraded character)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of patitavṛtta

patitavṛtta - one whose conduct is fallen, of degraded character

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (patita+vṛtta)

• patita – fallen, degraded
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root pat + kta suffix
  Root: pat (class 1)
• vṛtta – conduct, course of action, state
  noun (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root vṛt + kta suffix
  Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Refers to the speaker.

पृथिवी (pṛthivī) - the earth

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of pṛthivī

pṛthivī - earth, ground

सुहृदाम् (suhṛdām) - of friends, of good-hearted ones

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of suhṛd

suhṛd - friend, well-wisher

द्रुहः (druhaḥ) - refers to the speaker, who sees himself as a betrayer (of the betrayer, of the enemy, of the injurer)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of druh

druh - betrayer, enemy, injurer

From root druh (to injure, to betray)

Root: druh (class 4)

Note: This noun form is derived from the root 'druh' and indicates the agent or characteristic.

विवरम् (vivaram) - a chasm, a hole, an opening

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vivara

vivara - chasm, hole, opening

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

अशकत् (aśakat) - was able (to do), could (do)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of śak

Root: śak (class 5)

Note: The 'a' prefix indicates the past imperfect tense.

दातुम् (dātum) - to give, for giving

(indeclinable)

infinitive

Infinitive form of the root dā

Root: dā (class 3)

Note: This is an infinitive, used to express purpose or ability.

मम (mama) - to me, for me (possessive: my)

(pronoun)

singular of aham

aham - I, myself

Note: Genitive case can function like dative in some contexts, here indicating the recipient of the action.

पार्थिवसम्सदि (pārthivasamsadi) - in the assembly of kings, in the royal assembly

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of pārthivasamsad

pārthivasamsad - assembly of kings, royal assembly

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (pārthiva+samsad)

• pārthiva – royal, king, earth-born
  adjective (masculine)
  From pṛthivī (earth)
• samsad – assembly, gathering
  noun (feminine)
  From sam-sad (to sit together)
  Prefix: sam
  Root: sad (class 1)