महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-273, verse-28

तं दृष्ट्वा तस्य दुर्बुद्धेरविन्ध्यः पापनिश्चयम् ।
शमयामास संक्रुद्धं श्रूयतां येन हेतुना ॥२८॥

28. taṁ dṛṣṭvā tasya durbuddheravindhyaḥ pāpaniścayam ,
śamayāmāsa saṁkruddhaṁ śrūyatāṁ yena hetunā.

28. tam dṛṣṭvā tasya durbuddheḥ avindhyaḥ pāpaniścayam
śamayāmāsa saṃkruddham śrūyatām yena hetunā

28. Having seen that evil resolve of the wicked-minded Ravana, Avindhya pacified the extremely enraged one. Listen to the reason by which he did so.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - referring to the determination/Ravana's state (that)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• तस्य (tasya) - his, of him

• दुर्बुद्धेः (durbuddheḥ) - of the wicked-minded one, of the foolish one

• अविन्ध्यः (avindhyaḥ) - Avindhya (name of a wise counselor)

• पापनिश्चयम् (pāpaniścayam) - evil resolve, sinful determination

• शमयामास (śamayāmāsa) - he pacified, he quieted

• संक्रुद्धम् (saṁkruddham) - the extremely enraged one, the very angry one

• श्रूयताम् (śrūyatām) - let it be heard, listen

• येन (yena) - by which

• हेतुना (hetunā) - by reason, by cause

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - referring to the determination/Ravana's state (that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that

Accusative singular masculine, referring to 'pāpaniścayam' and implicitly to Ravana's state.

Note: Qualifies 'pāpaniścayam' and also 'saṃkruddham'.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from √dṛś + -tvā suffix

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Absolutive form.

तस्य (tasya) - his, of him

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, his

Genitive singular masculine form of tad

Note: Possessive, refers to the durbuddhi.

दुर्बुद्धेः (durbuddheḥ) - of the wicked-minded one, of the foolish one

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of durbuddhi

durbuddhi - wicked intellect, evil-minded, foolish

Bahuvrihi compound: dur (bad) + buddhi (intellect).

Compound type : Bahuvrihi (dur+buddhi)

• dur – bad, difficult
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating badness, difficulty.
• buddhi – intellect, mind, understanding
  noun (feminine)
  From √budh (to know, understand) + -ti suffix
  Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Qualifies Ravana, whose determination is being seen.

अविन्ध्यः (avindhyaḥ) - Avindhya (name of a wise counselor)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of avindhya

avindhya - Name of an elderly Rakshasa counselor of Ravana

Note: Subject of 'śamayāmāsa'.

पापनिश्चयम् (pāpaniścayam) - evil resolve, sinful determination

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pāpaniścaya

pāpaniścaya - sinful resolve, evil determination

Tatpurusha compound: pāpa (sinful) + niścaya (determination).

Compound type : Tatpurusha (pāpa+niścaya)

• pāpa – sin, evil, wicked
  noun (neuter)
• niścaya – determination, certainty, resolution
  noun (masculine)
  Formed from ni- + √ci (to gather, observe, decide) + -aya suffix
  Prefix: ni
  Root: ci (class 5)

Note: Object of 'dṛṣṭvā'.

शमयामास (śamayāmāsa) - he pacified, he quieted

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of śamayāmāsa

Causative

Causal stem of √śam (to be calm) + perfect tense ending. 3rd person singular perfect tense.

Root: śam (class 4)

Note: Causal verb.

संक्रुद्धम् (saṁkruddham) - the extremely enraged one, the very angry one

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of saṃkruddha

saṁkruddha - greatly enraged, highly incensed

Past Passive Participle

Formed from sam- + √krudh (to be angry) + -ta suffix. Here implying intensifier 'sam'.

Prefix: sam

Root: krudh (class 4)

Note: Qualifies Ravana (the object being pacified). Past Passive Participle used as an adjective/noun.

श्रूयताम् (śrūyatām) - let it be heard, listen

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, imperative (Loṭ) of śrūyatām

3rd person singular imperative, passive voice of √śru

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Used as an exhortation 'listen!'.

येन (yena) - by which

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of yad

yad - which, by which

Instrumental singular masculine/neuter form of yad

Note: Refers to 'hetunā'.

हेतुना (hetunā) - by reason, by cause

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of hetu

hetu - cause, reason, motive

From √hi (to send, to move) + -tu suffix

Root: hi

Note: Provides the reason for Avindhya's action.