महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-245, verse-16

तपसो हि परं नास्ति तपसा विन्दते महत् ।
नासाध्यं तपसः किंचिदिति बुध्यस्व भारत ॥१६॥

16. tapaso hi paraṁ nāsti tapasā vindate mahat ,
nāsādhyaṁ tapasaḥ kiṁciditi budhyasva bhārata.

16. tapasah hi param na asti tapasā vindate mahat na
asādhyam tapasah kiṃcit iti budhyasva bhārata

16. Indeed, there is nothing higher than austere spiritual practice (tapas). Through (tapas), one obtains the great (supreme truth). Nothing is unattainable by (tapas). Understand this, O Bhārata.

Words meanings summery:

• तपसह् (tapasah) - in comparison to (tapas) (from (austere spiritual practice (tapas)), than (tapas))

• हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

• परम् (param) - higher, supreme, excellent

• न (na) - negation (not, no)

• अस्ति (asti) - is, exists

• तपसा (tapasā) - by (austere spiritual practice (tapas))

• विन्दते (vindate) - obtains, finds, gets

• महत् (mahat) - the great (supreme truth or Brahman) (great, large, supreme)

• न (na) - negation (not, no)

• असाध्यम् (asādhyam) - unattainable, impossible to accomplish

• तपसह् (tapasah) - for the one who practices (tapas) or by (tapas) (of (austere spiritual practice (tapas)), for (tapas))

• किंचित् (kiṁcit) - anything, something, whatever

• इति (iti) - marks the end of a quotation or thought (thus, so, in this manner)

• बुध्यस्व (budhyasva) - know, understand

• भारत (bhārata) - Addressed to a member of the Bharata lineage, typically Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita, or a king in general. (O descendant of Bharata, O Bhārata)

Words meanings and morphology

तपसह् (tapasah) - in comparison to (tapas) (from (austere spiritual practice (tapas)), than (tapas))

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - heat, warmth, pain, suffering, austere spiritual practice (tapas), asceticism, penance

from root tap (to heat, to suffer)

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Ablative case indicating comparison ("than tapas").

हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

(indeclinable)

परम् (param) - higher, supreme, excellent

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of para

para - other, next, higher, supreme, excellent, distant

Note: Qualifies an implied "nothing" or "thing".

न (na) - negation (not, no)

(indeclinable)

अस्ति (asti) - is, exists

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (lat) of as

Present Active Indicative

Root: as (class 2)

तपसा (tapasā) - by (austere spiritual practice (tapas))

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - heat, warmth, pain, suffering, austere spiritual practice (tapas), asceticism, penance

from root tap (to heat, to suffer)

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Instrumental case indicating means ("by means of tapas").

विन्दते (vindate) - obtains, finds, gets

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present indicative (lat) of vid

Present Middle Indicative

Root: vid (class 6)

Note: The root vid is 6th class (vindati/vindate) meaning 'to find/obtain' and 2nd class (vetti/vidanti) meaning 'to know'. Here, context suggests 'obtain'.

महत् (mahat) - the great (supreme truth or Brahman) (great, large, supreme)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, vast, mighty, supreme, important

Note: Functions here as a substantive.

न (na) - negation (not, no)

(indeclinable)

असाध्यम् (asādhyam) - unattainable, impossible to accomplish

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of asādhya

asādhya - impossible to accomplish, unattainable, incurable

Gerundive/Future Passive Participle (negative)

Negative prefix 'a-' added to sādhya (to be accomplished), from root sādh (to accomplish).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+sādhya)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  negative particle
• sādhya – to be accomplished, to be achieved, curable
  adjective (neuter)
  Gerundive/Future Passive Participle
  from root sādh (to accomplish)
  Root: sādh (class 5)

Note: Functions as a noun here, "that which is unattainable".

तपसह् (tapasah) - for the one who practices (tapas) or by (tapas) (of (austere spiritual practice (tapas)), for (tapas))

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - heat, warmth, pain, suffering, austere spiritual practice (tapas), asceticism, penance

from root tap (to heat, to suffer)

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Genitive case, implying "of tapas" or "for tapas". Contextually, "for one who practices tapas" or "through tapas".

किंचित् (kiṁcit) - anything, something, whatever

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kiṃcit

kiṁcit - anything, something, somewhat, whatever

from kim (what) + cit (indefinite particle)

Note: Functions as a noun here.

इति (iti) - marks the end of a quotation or thought (thus, so, in this manner)

(indeclinable)

बुध्यस्व (budhyasva) - know, understand

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, imperative (loṭ) of budh

Imperative Middle

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Middle voice is common for verbs of knowing/perceiving.

भारत (bhārata) - Addressed to a member of the Bharata lineage, typically Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita, or a king in general. (O descendant of Bharata, O Bhārata)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of bhārata

bhārata - descendant of Bharata, relating to Bharata, India

Note: Vocative case for direct address.