महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-59, verse-30

ततः स निहतो राजा धार्तराष्ट्रो महामृधे ।
भीमसेनेन विक्रम्य पश्यतां पृथिवीक्षिताम् ॥३०॥

30. tataḥ sa nihato rājā dhārtarāṣṭro mahāmṛdhe ,
bhīmasenena vikramya paśyatāṁ pṛthivīkṣitām.

30. tataḥ sa nihataḥ rājā dhārtarāṣṭraḥ mahāmṛdhe
bhīmasenena vikramya paśyatām pṛthivīkṣitām

30. tataḥ sa rājā dhārtarāṣṭraḥ mahāmṛdhe bhīmasenena
vikramya nihataḥ pṛthivīkṣitām paśyatām

30. Then, that king, Dhārtarāṣṭra (Duryodhana), was valiantly slain by Bhimasena in the great battle, in the sight of the earth-rulers (pṛthivīkṣit).

Words meanings summery:

• ततः (tataḥ) - then (then, thence)

• स (sa) - that (king) (he, that)

• निहतः (nihataḥ) - slain (slain, killed, destroyed)

• राजा (rājā) - king (king, ruler)

• धार्तराष्ट्रः (dhārtarāṣṭraḥ) - Dhārtarāṣṭra (Duryodhana) (son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra)

• महामृधे (mahāmṛdhe) - in the great battle

• भीमसेनेन (bhīmasenena) - by Bhimasena

• विक्रम्य (vikramya) - having fought with valor (having acted valorously, having displayed prowess)

• पश्यताम् (paśyatām) - of those who were watching (of those seeing, of those watching)

• पृथिवीक्षिताम् (pṛthivīkṣitām) - of the earth-rulers (kings) (of the earth-rulers, of the kings)

Words meanings and morphology

ततः (tataḥ) - then (then, thence)

(indeclinable)

From 'tad' with 'tas' suffix.

स (sa) - that (king) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, him, her, it

Nominative singular masculine form, often found without visarga ('sa') before certain consonants.

Note: Modifies 'rājā'.

निहतः (nihataḥ) - slain (slain, killed, destroyed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nihata

nihata - slain, killed, struck down

Past Passive Participle

From '√han' (to strike, kill) with prefix 'ni'.

Prefix: ni

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Predicate adjective, describing 'rājā'.

राजा (rājā) - king (king, ruler)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

n-stem noun.

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Subject.

धार्तराष्ट्रः (dhārtarāṣṭraḥ) - Dhārtarāṣṭra (Duryodhana) (son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhārtarāṣṭra

dhārtarāṣṭra - son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, belonging to Dhṛtarāṣṭra

Patronymic from 'Dhṛtarāṣṭra'.

Note: Appositive to 'rājā'.

महामृधे (mahāmṛdhe) - in the great battle

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of mahāmṛdh

mahāmṛdh - great battle, great conflict

Compound 'mahā' (great) + 'mṛdh' (battle).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+mṛdh)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective (feminine)
• mṛdh – battle, combat, strife
  noun (feminine)

Note: Indicates location of the action.

भीमसेनेन (bhīmasenena) - by Bhimasena

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of bhīmasena

bhīmasena - Bhimasena

Compound type : tatpurusha (bhīma+sena)

• bhīma – terrible, formidable
  adjective (masculine)
• sena – army, host
  noun (feminine)

Note: Agent of the passive action 'nihataḥ'.

विक्रम्य (vikramya) - having fought with valor (having acted valorously, having displayed prowess)

(indeclinable)

Gerund (absolutive)

From '√kram' (to step, to be mighty) with prefix 'vi'. Formed with 'lyap' suffix.

Prefix: vi

Root: kram (class 1)

Note: Modifies the action of Bhimasena.

पश्यताम् (paśyatām) - of those who were watching (of those seeing, of those watching)

(adjective)

Genitive, plural of paśyat

paśyat - seeing, watching, looking

Present Active Participle

From '√dṛś' (to see), with 'śya' affix, becoming 'paśyat'.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Genitive plural, referring to the observing kings.

पृथिवीक्षिताम् (pṛthivīkṣitām) - of the earth-rulers (kings) (of the earth-rulers, of the kings)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of pṛthivīkṣit

pṛthivīkṣit - earth-ruler, king

Compound 'pṛthivī' (earth) + 'kṣit' (ruling, inhabitant, ruler).

Compound type : tatpurusha (pṛthivī+kṣit)

• pṛthivī – earth, ground
  noun (feminine)
• kṣit – ruler, inhabitant, earth
  noun (masculine)
  Agent noun
  From '√kṣi' (to rule, to dwell).
  Root: kṣi (class 5)

Note: Genitive plural, describing who was watching.