महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-59, verse-18

दिनानि पञ्च तद्युद्धमभूत्परमदारुणम् ।
ततो द्रोणः परिश्रान्तो धृष्टद्युम्नवशं गतः ॥१८॥

18. dināni pañca tadyuddhamabhūtparamadāruṇam ,
tato droṇaḥ pariśrānto dhṛṣṭadyumnavaśaṁ gataḥ.

18. dināni pañca tat yuddham abhūt paramadāruṇam
tataḥ droṇaḥ pariśrāntaḥ dhṛṣṭadyumnavaśam gataḥ

18. tat yuddham dināni pañca paramadāruṇam abhūt
tataḥ droṇaḥ pariśrāntaḥ dhṛṣṭadyumnavaśam gataḥ

18. That battle lasted five days and was extremely dreadful. Then, Drona, utterly exhausted, fell under Dhrishtadyumna's control.

Words meanings summery:

• दिनानि (dināni) - Refers to the duration of the battle. (days)

• पञ्च (pañca) - The number of days for which the battle raged. (five)

• तत् (tat) - Referring to the battle mentioned previously. (that)

• युद्धम् (yuddham) - The specific conflict between Drona and Dhrishtadyumna. (battle, war, fight)

• अभूत् (abhūt) - The battle was (of a certain nature). (was, became)

• परमदारुणम् (paramadāruṇam) - Describing the severe and terrifying nature of the battle. (extremely terrible, most dreadful)

• ततः (tataḥ) - Indicates the sequence of events following the dreadful battle. (then, thereafter, from that)

• द्रोणः (droṇaḥ) - The warrior Drona, the preceptor, who was targeted by Dhrishtadyumna. (Drona)

• परिश्रान्तः (pariśrāntaḥ) - Drona's state of extreme tiredness after the prolonged battle. (exhausted, utterly weary, fatigued)

• धृष्टद्युम्नवशम् (dhṛṣṭadyumnavaśam) - Drona became subject to the authority or will of Dhrishtadyumna. (under Dhrishtadyumna's control/power)

• गतः (gataḥ) - Drona came to be in a state of being under Dhrishtadyumna's control. (gone, reached, attained)

Words meanings and morphology

दिनानि (dināni) - Refers to the duration of the battle. (days)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, plural of dina

dina - day

पञ्च (pañca) - The number of days for which the battle raged. (five)

(numeral)

तत् (tat) - Referring to the battle mentioned previously. (that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

युद्धम् (yuddham) - The specific conflict between Drona and Dhrishtadyumna. (battle, war, fight)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - battle, war, fight, combat

Past Passive Participle

From root √yudh (class 4) 'to fight'. Functions as a noun here.

Root: yudh (class 4)

अभूत् (abhūt) - The battle was (of a certain nature). (was, became)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, aorist (luṅ) of bhū

Aorist, third person singular

From root √bhū (class 1).

Root: bhū (class 1)

परमदारुणम् (paramadāruṇam) - Describing the severe and terrifying nature of the battle. (extremely terrible, most dreadful)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of paramadāruṇa

paramadāruṇa - extremely terrible, most dreadful, very cruel

Compound of parama + dāruṇa.

Compound type : Karmadharaya (parama+dāruṇa)

• parama – supreme, highest, excellent, utmost
  adjective
  Superlative suffix -ma.
• dāruṇa – dreadful, terrible, fearful, cruel
  adjective (neuter)
  From root √dṝ 'to rend, tear'.
  Root: dṝ (class 9)

Note: Qualifies 'yuddham'.

ततः (tataḥ) - Indicates the sequence of events following the dreadful battle. (then, thereafter, from that)

(indeclinable)

Formed from tad with suffix -tas.

द्रोणः (droṇaḥ) - The warrior Drona, the preceptor, who was targeted by Dhrishtadyumna. (Drona)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - Drona, name of the royal preceptor to the Kauravas and Pandavas

Note: Subject of 'gataḥ'.

परिश्रान्तः (pariśrāntaḥ) - Drona's state of extreme tiredness after the prolonged battle. (exhausted, utterly weary, fatigued)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pariśrānta

pariśrānta - exhausted, utterly weary, fatigued

Past Passive Participle

From pari-√śram (class 4) 'to be extremely weary'.

Prefix: pari

Root: śram (class 4)

Note: Qualifies Drona.

धृष्टद्युम्नवशम् (dhṛṣṭadyumnavaśam) - Drona became subject to the authority or will of Dhrishtadyumna. (under Dhrishtadyumna's control/power)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dhṛṣṭadyumnavaśa

dhṛṣṭadyumnavaśa - Dhrishtadyumna's control, power, sway

Compound of dhṛṣṭadyumna + vaśa.

Compound type : Tatpurusha (dhṛṣṭadyumna+vaśa)

• dhṛṣṭadyumna – Dhrishtadyumna, son of Drupada
  proper noun (masculine)
• vaśa – will, power, control, sway
  noun (masculine)
  From root √vaś 'to wish, desire, command'.
  Root: vaś (class 2)

गतः (gataḥ) - Drona came to be in a state of being under Dhrishtadyumna's control. (gone, reached, attained)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gata

gata - gone, arrived, reached, attained

Past Passive Participle

From root √gam (class 1) 'to go, move'.

Root: gam (class 1)