महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-26, verse-31

सुखं च दुःखं च भवाभवौ च लाभालाभौ मरणं जीवितं च ।
पर्यायशः सर्वमिह स्पृशन्ति तस्माद्धीरो नैव हृष्येन्न कुप्येत् ॥३१॥

31. sukhaṁ ca duḥkhaṁ ca bhavābhavau ca; lābhālābhau maraṇaṁ jīvitaṁ ca ,
paryāyaśaḥ sarvamiha spṛśanti; tasmāddhīro naiva hṛṣyenna kupyet.

31. sukham ca duḥkham ca bhavābhavau
ca lābhālābhau maraṇam jīvitam ca
paryāyaśaḥ sarvam iha spṛśanti
tasmāt dhīraḥ na eva hṛṣyet na kupyet

31. iha sukham ca duḥkham ca bhavābhavau
ca lābhālābhau maraṇam ca jīvitam
ca sarvam paryāyaśaḥ spṛśanti
tasmāt dhīraḥ na eva hṛṣyet na kupyet

31. Happiness and sorrow, existence and non-existence, gain and loss, death and life—all these alternately affect (or touch) one in this world. Therefore, a steadfast person should neither rejoice nor become angry.

Words meanings summery:

• सुखम् (sukham) - a state of being (happiness, pleasure)

• च (ca) - connects items in a list (and, also)

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - a state of being (sorrow, suffering)

• च (ca) - connects items in a list (and, also)

• भवाभवौ (bhavābhavau) - duality of being and non-being (existence and non-existence, coming into being and ceasing to be)

• च (ca) - connects items in a list (and, also)

• लाभालाभौ (lābhālābhau) - duality of success and failure (gain and loss)

• मरणम् (maraṇam) - as a natural event (death, dying)

• जीवितम् (jīvitam) - as a natural event (life, living)

• च (ca) - connects items in a list (and, also)

• पर्यायशः (paryāyaśaḥ) - emphasizes the cyclical nature of these dualities (alternately, in turn, in regular order)

• सर्वम् (sarvam) - refers to the listed dualities collectively (all, everything)

• इह (iha) - refers to the earthly existence (here, in this world)

• स्पृशन्ति (spṛśanti) - these dualities affect individuals (they touch, they affect, they reach)

• तस्मात् (tasmāt) - introduces a conclusion based on the preceding statement (therefore, from that)

• धीरः (dhīraḥ) - a person possessing wisdom and stability (wise, steady, patient, firm)

• न (na) - negates the verb 'hṛṣyet' (not, no)

• एव (eva) - intensifies the preceding 'na', forming "naiva" (never) (only, just, indeed, certainly)

• हृष्येत् (hṛṣyet) - imperative for a wise person (should rejoice, should be delighted)

• न (na) - negates the verb 'kupyett' (not, no)

• कुप्येत्त् (kupyett) - imperative for a wise person (should be angry, should get angry)

Words meanings and morphology

सुखम् (sukham) - a state of being (happiness, pleasure)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sukha

sukha - happiness, pleasure, ease, joy

Note: Part of a list of dualities.

च (ca) - connects items in a list (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used repeatedly to list items.

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - a state of being (sorrow, suffering)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - sorrow, suffering, pain, misery, unhappiness

Note: Paired with 'sukham'.

च (ca) - connects items in a list (and, also)

(indeclinable)

भवाभवौ (bhavābhavau) - duality of being and non-being (existence and non-existence, coming into being and ceasing to be)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of bhavābhava

bhavābhava - existence and non-existence, being and non-being, birth and death

Dvanda compound of bhava (existence) and abhava (non-existence).

Compound type : dvandva (bhava+abhava)

• bhava – existence, being, birth, world
  noun (masculine)
  From root bhū (to be).
  Root: bhū (class 1)
• abhava – non-existence, non-being, absence
  noun (masculine)
  Negation of bhava with prefix 'a-'.

Note: Part of a list of dualities.

च (ca) - connects items in a list (and, also)

(indeclinable)

लाभालाभौ (lābhālābhau) - duality of success and failure (gain and loss)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of lābhālābha

lābhālābha - gain and loss

Dvanda compound of lābha (gain) and alābha (loss).

Compound type : dvandva (lābha+alābha)

• lābha – gain, acquisition, profit
  noun (masculine)
  From root labh (to obtain).
  Root: labh (class 1)
• alābha – loss, non-acquisition
  noun (masculine)
  Negation of lābha with prefix 'a-'.

Note: Part of a list of dualities.

मरणम् (maraṇam) - as a natural event (death, dying)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of maraṇa

maraṇa - death, dying, mortality

From root mṛ (to die).

Root: mṛ (class 6)

Note: Paired with 'jīvitam'.

जीवितम् (jīvitam) - as a natural event (life, living)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jīvita

jīvita - life, living, vitality

Past Passive Participle (used as noun)

From root jīv (to live).

Root: jīv (class 1)

Note: Paired with 'maraṇam'.

च (ca) - connects items in a list (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Marks the end of the list of dualities.

पर्यायशः (paryāyaśaḥ) - emphasizes the cyclical nature of these dualities (alternately, in turn, in regular order)

(indeclinable)

Formed from paryāya (turn, rotation) with the suffix -śas.

Note: Adverbial.

सर्वम् (sarvam) - refers to the listed dualities collectively (all, everything)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, entire

Note: Subject of 'spṛśanti'.

इह (iha) - refers to the earthly existence (here, in this world)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb of place.

स्पृशन्ति (spṛśanti) - these dualities affect individuals (they touch, they affect, they reach)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of spṛś

Present tense

Root spṛś (तुदादिगण 6P) in Laṭ-lakāra (Present), 3rd person plural, Parasmaipada.

Root: spṛś (class 6)

Note: Subject is 'sarvam' (treated as a collection).

तस्मात् (tasmāt) - introduces a conclusion based on the preceding statement (therefore, from that)

(pronoun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Functions as an adverb "therefore".

धीरः (dhīraḥ) - a person possessing wisdom and stability (wise, steady, patient, firm)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhīra

dhīra - wise, steady, patient, firm, courageous, intelligent

From root dhī (to think, perceive).

Root: dhī

Note: Subject of the following verbs.

न (na) - negates the verb 'hṛṣyet' (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used twice with 'eva' for emphasis (naiva, nena).

एव (eva) - intensifies the preceding 'na', forming "naiva" (never) (only, just, indeed, certainly)

(indeclinable)

Note: Strengthens the preceding word or concept.

हृष्येत् (hṛṣyet) - imperative for a wise person (should rejoice, should be delighted)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of hṛṣ

Optative mood

Root hṛṣ (भ्वादिगण 1P/4P) in Vidhi-liṅ-lakāra (Optative), 3rd person singular, Parasmaipada.

Root: hṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Expresses advice.

न (na) - negates the verb 'kupyett' (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Note: Coordinates with the previous 'na'.

कुप्येत्त् (kupyett) - imperative for a wise person (should be angry, should get angry)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of kup

Optative mood

Root kup (दिवादिगण 4P) in Vidhi-liṅ-lakāra (Optative), 3rd person singular, Parasmaipada.

Root: kup (class 4)

Note: Expresses advice.