महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-18, verse-7

कथमुत्सृज्य राज्यं स्वं धनधान्यसमाचितम् ।
कापालीं वृत्तिमास्थाय धानामुष्टिर्वनेऽचरः ॥७॥

7. kathamutsṛjya rājyaṁ svaṁ dhanadhānyasamācitam ,
kāpālīṁ vṛttimāsthāya dhānāmuṣṭirvane'caraḥ.

7. katham utsṛjya rājyam svam dhanadhānyasamācitam
kāpālīm vṛttim āsthāya dhānāmuṣṭiḥ vane acaraḥ

7. svam dhanadhānyasamācitam rājyam utsṛjya kāpālīm
vṛttim āsthāya katham dhānāmuṣṭiḥ vane acaraḥ

7. How is it that, having abandoned your own kingdom, which was filled with wealth and grain, and having adopted the mendicant's life (kāpālīṃ vṛttim), you wander in the forest, living merely on a handful of grain?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how? why?

• उत्सृज्य (utsṛjya) - having abandoned, having given up

• राज्यम् (rājyam) - kingdom, realm, sovereignty

• स्वम् (svam) - one's own, personal

• धनधान्यसमाचितम् (dhanadhānyasamācitam) - filled with wealth and grain

• कापालीम् (kāpālīm) - of a skull-bearer, mendicant's (feminine accusative singular)

• वृत्तिम् (vṛttim) - livelihood, mode of life, conduct

• आस्थाय (āsthāya) - having adopted, having resorted to

• धानामुष्टिः (dhānāmuṣṭiḥ) - (as) a handful of grain, one who lives on a handful of grain (a mendicant)

• वने (vane) - in the forest

• अचरः (acaraḥ) - you wandered, you lived

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how? why?

(indeclinable)

Interrogative adverb

उत्सृज्य (utsṛjya) - having abandoned, having given up

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

Absolutive form (suffix -ya after prefix) of 'ut-sṛj' (to cast off, abandon)

Prefix: ut

Root: sṛj (class 6)

Note: Absolutive is indeclinable.

राज्यम् (rājyam) - kingdom, realm, sovereignty

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of rājya

rājya - kingdom, realm, sovereignty

From 'rājan' (king) + -ya suffix, meaning 'state of a king'

Root: rāj (class 1)

स्वम् (svam) - one's own, personal

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sva

sva - one's own, inherent, property, wealth

Note: Also can be nominative. Context indicates accusative.

धनधान्यसमाचितम् (dhanadhānyasamācitam) - filled with wealth and grain

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of dhanadhānyasamācita

dhanadhānyasamācita - filled with wealth and grain, abounding in riches and cereals

Compound of 'dhana' (wealth) + 'dhānya' (grain) + 'samācita' (filled, piled up)

Compound type : tatpurusha (dhana+dhānya+samācita)

• dhana – wealth, riches, property
  noun (neuter)
  Root: dhā (class 3)
• dhānya – grain, corn
  noun (neuter)
  From root 'dhā' (to bear) + -nya suffix
  Root: dhā (class 3)
• samācita – accumulated, filled, piled up
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Past passive participle of 'sam-ā-ci' (to heap up, collect)
  Prefixes: sam+ā
  Root: ci (class 5)

कापालीम् (kāpālīm) - of a skull-bearer, mendicant's (feminine accusative singular)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of kāpālin

kāpālin - a skull-bearer, a mendicant, an ascetic sect

From 'kapāla' (skull) + -in suffix, referring to ascetics who carry skulls

वृत्तिम् (vṛttim) - livelihood, mode of life, conduct

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vṛtti

vṛtti - mode of life, livelihood, conduct, condition

From root 'vṛt' (to be, exist)

Root: vṛt (class 1)

आस्थाय (āsthāya) - having adopted, having resorted to

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

Absolutive form (suffix -ya after prefix) of 'ā-sthā' (to resort to, adopt)

Prefix: ā

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Absolutive is indeclinable.

धानामुष्टिः (dhānāmuṣṭiḥ) - (as) a handful of grain, one who lives on a handful of grain (a mendicant)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of dhānāmuṣṭi

dhānāmuṣṭi - a handful of parched grain, one who subsists on a handful of grain (a mendicant)

Compound of 'dhānā' (parched grain) and 'muṣṭi' (fist, handful)

Compound type : tatpurusha (dhānā+muṣṭi)

• dhānā – parched grain, fried barley
  noun (feminine)
  From root 'dhā' (to place, set)
  Root: dhā (class 3)
• muṣṭi – fist, handful
  noun (feminine)
  Root: muṣ (class 1)

Note: Refers to Janaka, meaning 'one who is (like) a handful of grain' or 'one who has only a handful of grain'.

वने (vane) - in the forest

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of vana

vana - forest, wood, grove

Root: van (class 1)

अचरः (acaraḥ) - you wandered, you lived

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, past imperfect (Laṅ) of car

Imperfect Active

Imperfect tense form of root 'car', 2nd person singular

Root: car (class 1)

Note: The question is directed at Janaka.