महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-18, verse-5

तं ददर्श प्रिया भार्या भैक्ष्यवृत्तिमकिंचनम् ।
धानामुष्टिमुपासीनं निरीहं गतमत्सरम् ॥५॥

5. taṁ dadarśa priyā bhāryā bhaikṣyavṛttimakiṁcanam ,
dhānāmuṣṭimupāsīnaṁ nirīhaṁ gatamatsaram.

5. tam dadarśa priyā bhāryā bhaikṣyavṛttim akiṃcanam
dhānāmuṣṭim upāsīnam nirīham gatamatsaram

5. priyā bhāryā tam bhaikṣyavṛttim akiṃcanam
dhānāmuṣṭim upāsīnam nirīham gatamatsaram dadarśa

5. His beloved wife saw him, who was living a mendicant's life, destitute, sitting (begging) for a handful of grain, desireless, and free from envy.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him, that (masculine accusative singular)

• ददर्श (dadarśa) - saw, beheld

• प्रिया (priyā) - beloved, dear

• भार्या (bhāryā) - wife

• भैक्ष्यवृत्तिम् (bhaikṣyavṛttim) - having a mendicant's life, living by begging

• अकिंचनम् (akiṁcanam) - destitute, having nothing, poor

• धानामुष्टिम् (dhānāmuṣṭim) - sitting (begging) for a handful of grain (a handful of grain)

• उपासीनम् (upāsīnam) - sitting, meditating, revering

• निरीहम् (nirīham) - desireless, free from longing

• गतमत्सरम् (gatamatsaram) - free from envy, devoid of jealousy

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him, that (masculine accusative singular)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

ददर्श (dadarśa) - saw, beheld

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (Lit) of dṛś

Perfect Active

Perfect tense form of root 'dṛś', 3rd person singular

Root: dṛś (class 1)

प्रिया (priyā) - beloved, dear

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of priya

priya - dear, beloved, pleasing

Root: prī (class 9)

भार्या (bhāryā) - wife

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of bhāryā

bhāryā - wife, married woman

Gerundive (passive participle)

From root 'bhṛ' (to bear, support) + -ya suffix, meaning 'one to be supported/maintained'

Root: bhṛ (class 1)

भैक्ष्यवृत्तिम् (bhaikṣyavṛttim) - having a mendicant's life, living by begging

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of bhaikṣyavṛtti

bhaikṣyavṛtti - mode of living by alms, mendicant's life

Compound of 'bhaikṣya' (alms, begging) and 'vṛtti' (livelihood, mode of life)

Compound type : tatpurusha (bhaikṣya+vṛtti)

• bhaikṣya – alms, begging
  noun (neuter)
  From 'bhikṣā' (alms) + -ya suffix
  Root: bhikṣ (class 1)
• vṛtti – mode of life, livelihood, conduct
  noun (feminine)
  From root 'vṛt' (to be, exist)
  Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Acts as an adjective describing Janaka.

अकिंचनम् (akiṁcanam) - destitute, having nothing, poor

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of akiṃcana

akiṁcana - having nothing, poor, destitute

Compound of 'a' (not) + 'kiṃcana' (something, anything), lit. 'having nothing at all'

Compound type : bahuvrihi (a+kiṃcana)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• kiṃcana – anything, something
  pronoun
  From 'kim' (what) + 'cana' (particle)

धानामुष्टिम् (dhānāmuṣṭim) - sitting (begging) for a handful of grain (a handful of grain)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of dhānāmuṣṭi

dhānāmuṣṭi - a handful of parched grain

Compound of 'dhānā' (parched grain) and 'muṣṭi' (fist, handful)

Compound type : tatpurusha (dhānā+muṣṭi)

• dhānā – parched grain, fried barley
  noun (feminine)
  From root 'dhā' (to place, set)
  Root: dhā (class 3)
• muṣṭi – fist, handful
  noun (feminine)
  Root: muṣ (class 1)

Note: Acts as an adjective describing Janaka, implicitly meaning 'having a handful of grain' or 'seeking a handful of grain'.

उपासीनम् (upāsīnam) - sitting, meditating, revering

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of upāsīna

upāsīna - sitting near, worshipping, serving, meditating

Present Active Participle

Present active participle of 'upa-ās' (to sit near, serve, worship)

Prefix: upa

Root: ās (class 2)

Note: Participle.

निरीहम् (nirīham) - desireless, free from longing

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nirīha

nirīha - desireless, without longing, free from exertion

Compound of 'nis' (without) + 'īhā' (desire, effort)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (nis+īhā)

• nis – without, out
  indeclinable
  Preposition/prefix meaning 'without', 'out'
• īhā – desire, longing, effort
  noun (feminine)
  From root 'ih' (to strive, desire)
  Root: ih (class 1)

गतमत्सरम् (gatamatsaram) - free from envy, devoid of jealousy

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of gatamatsara

gatamatsara - free from envy, devoid of jealousy

Compound of 'gata' (gone) + 'matsara' (envy, jealousy), lit. 'one whose envy has gone'

Compound type : bahuvrihi (gata+matsara)

• gata – gone, departed
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Past passive participle of root 'gam' (to go)
  Root: gam (class 1)
• matsara – envy, jealousy, malice
  noun (masculine)
  Root: mats (class 1)