वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-57, verse-18

तत्र वागुषसि व्यक्ता प्रादुरासीद्वनौकसः ।
हा हेति पततस्तोये वागभूत्तत्र मानुषी ।
कथमस्मद्विधे शस्त्रं निपतेत्तु तपस्विनि ॥१८॥

18. tatra vāguṣasi vyaktā prādurāsīdvanaukasaḥ ,
hā heti patatastoye vāgabhūttatra mānuṣī ,
kathamasmadvidhe śastraṃ nipatettu tapasvini.

18. tatra vāk uṣasi vyaktā prādurāsīt
vanaukasaḥ hā hā iti patataḥ toye
vāk abhūt tatra mānuṣī katham
asmadvidhe śastram nipatet tu tapasvini

18. uṣasi tatra vanaukasaḥ toye patataḥ
hā hā iti vyaktā mānuṣī vāk
prādurāsīt tatra abhūt katham asmadvidhe
tapasvini śastram tu nipatet

18. At dawn, a clear voice arose from a forest-dweller who was falling into the water, crying 'Alas! Alas!' The voice was human, saying: 'How could a weapon strike a hermit (tapasvin) like me?'

Words meanings summery:

• तत्र (tatra) - there, then, in that place

• वाक् (vāk) - voice, speech, word

• उषसि (uṣasi) - at dawn, in the morning

• व्यक्ता (vyaktā) - clear, distinct, manifested

• प्रादुरासीत् (prādurāsīt) - appeared, arose, manifested

• वनौकसः (vanaukasaḥ) - of the forest-dweller, from the forest-dweller

• हा (hā) - alas!, oh!

• हा (hā) - alas!, oh!

• इति (iti) - thus, so saying, indicating direct speech

• पततः (patataḥ) - falling, of the one falling

• तोये (toye) - into the water, in the water

• वाक् (vāk) - voice, speech, word

• अभूत् (abhūt) - became, was

• तत्र (tatra) - there, then, in that place

• मानुषी (mānuṣī) - human, feminine human

• कथम् (katham) - how? why?

• अस्मद्विधे (asmadvidhe) - upon one like me, for one like me

• शस्त्रम् (śastram) - weapon, missile

• निपतेत् (nipatet) - should fall, might strike, may fall

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• तपस्विनि (tapasvini) - upon a hermit, upon an ascetic

Words meanings and morphology

तत्र (tatra) - there, then, in that place

(indeclinable)

वाक् (vāk) - voice, speech, word

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vāc

vāc - voice, speech, word

Root: vac

उषसि (uṣasi) - at dawn, in the morning

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of uṣas

uṣas - dawn, morning light

व्यक्ता (vyaktā) - clear, distinct, manifested

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vyakta

vyakta - clear, distinct, manifested

Past Passive Participle

Prefix: vi

Root: vyañj

प्रादुरासीत् (prādurāsīt) - appeared, arose, manifested

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of prādurbhū

Prefix: prādus

Root: bhū (class 1)

वनौकसः (vanaukasaḥ) - of the forest-dweller, from the forest-dweller

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of vanaukas

vanaukas - forest-dweller, hermit

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (vana+okas)

• vana – forest, wood
  noun (neuter)
• okas – dwelling, house, home
  noun (neuter)

हा (hā) - alas!, oh!

(indeclinable)

हा (hā) - alas!, oh!

(indeclinable)

इति (iti) - thus, so saying, indicating direct speech

(indeclinable)

पततः (patataḥ) - falling, of the one falling

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of patat

patat - falling (present active participle)

Present Active Participle

Root: pat (class 1)

तोये (toye) - into the water, in the water

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of toya

toya - water

वाक् (vāk) - voice, speech, word

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vāc

vāc - voice, speech, word

Root: vac

अभूत् (abhūt) - became, was

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of bhū

Root: bhū (class 1)

तत्र (tatra) - there, then, in that place

(indeclinable)

मानुषी (mānuṣī) - human, feminine human

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of mānuṣa

mānuṣa - human, relating to humans

कथम् (katham) - how? why?

(indeclinable)

अस्मद्विधे (asmadvidhe) - upon one like me, for one like me

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of asmadvidha

asmadvidha - like me, such as I am

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (asmad+vidha)

• asmad – I, me (first person pronoun)
  pronoun
• vidha – kind, sort, type, manner
  noun (masculine)

शस्त्रम् (śastram) - weapon, missile

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of śastra

śastra - weapon, instrument, sword

निपतेत् (nipatet) - should fall, might strike, may fall

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi liṅ) of nipat

Prefix: ni

Root: pat (class 1)

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

तपस्विनि (tapasvini) - upon a hermit, upon an ascetic

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of tapasvin

tapasvin - hermit, ascetic, one who performs austerities (tapas)

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