वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-48, verse-28

ऋषयस्तत्र बहवो विहृत्य शरदां शतम् ।
तपसा दिवमारूढाः कपालशिरसा सह ॥२८॥

28. ṛṣayastatra bahavo vihṛtya śaradāṃ śatam ,
tapasā divamārūḍhāḥ kapālaśirasā saha.

28. ṛṣayaḥ tatra bahavaḥ vihṛtya śaradām śatam
tapasā divam ārūḍhāḥ kapālaśirasā saha

28. tatra bahavaḥ ṛṣayaḥ śaradām śatam vihṛtya,
kapālaśirasā saha,
tapasā divam ārūḍhāḥ

28. Many sages, after residing there for a hundred years, ascended to heaven through their asceticism (tapas), accompanied by their skull-heads.

Words meanings summery:

• ऋषयः (ṛṣayaḥ) - sages, seers

• तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

• बहवः (bahavaḥ) - many

• विहृत्य (vihṛtya) - having resided, having dwelled

• शरदाम् (śaradām) - of years, of autumns

• शतम् (śatam) - a hundred

• तपसा (tapasā) - by asceticism, through penance

• दिवम् (divam) - to heaven, sky

• आरूढाः (ārūḍhāḥ) - ascended, mounted

• कपालशिरसा (kapālaśirasā) - with skull-heads, with skull-like bodies

• सह (saha) - with, together with

Words meanings and morphology

ऋषयः (ṛṣayaḥ) - sages, seers

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ṛṣi

ṛṣi - seer, sage, inspired poet, Vedic singer

तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

(indeclinable)

बहवः (bahavaḥ) - many

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of bahu

bahu - much, many, abundant, numerous

विहृत्य (vihṛtya) - having resided, having dwelled

(indeclinable)

Prefix: vi

Root: hṛ (class 1)

Note: Absolutive (gerund) formed with suffix -tya after prefix vi-.

शरदाम् (śaradām) - of years, of autumns

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, plural of śarad

śarad - autumn, year

शतम् (śatam) - a hundred

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of śata

śata - a hundred

Note: Used adverbially to indicate duration.

तपसा (tapasā) - by asceticism, through penance

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - heat, warmth, self-restraint, penance, asceticism

दिवम् (divam) - to heaven, sky

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of div

div - sky, heaven, day

आरूढाः (ārūḍhāḥ) - ascended, mounted

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ārūḍha

ruh - to ascend, to mount, to rise

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root ruh with prefix ā-

Prefix: ā

Root: ruh (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'ṛṣayaḥ'.

कपालशिरसा (kapālaśirasā) - with skull-heads, with skull-like bodies

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of kapālaśiras

kapālaśiras - skull-head, head like a skull

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kapāla+śiras)

• kapāla – skull, potsherd, begging bowl
  noun (neuter)
• śiras – head, top, summit
  noun (neuter)

सह (saha) - with, together with

(indeclinable)

Note: Governs the instrumental case.

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