महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-20, verse-31

तत्परे नावबुध्यन्त सैन्येन रजसावृते ।
तावकाः प्रद्रुता राजन्दुर्योधनमृते नृपम् ॥३१॥

31. tatpare nāvabudhyanta sainyena rajasāvṛte ,
tāvakāḥ pradrutā rājanduryodhanamṛte nṛpam.

31. tatpare na avabudhyanta sainyena rajasā āvṛte
tāvakāḥ pradrutāḥ rājan duryodhanam ṛte nṛpam

31. rājan,
tatpare sainyena rajasā āvṛte (sati),
duryodhanam nṛpam ṛte tāvakāḥ na avabudhyanta (ca) pradrutāḥ

31. O King, at that moment, when the area was covered by the army's dust, your people did not perceive what was happening and fled, all except King Duryodhana.

Words meanings summery:

• तत्परे (tatpare) - at that time, then, immediately after

• न (na) - not

• अवबुध्यन्त (avabudhyanta) - they understood, they perceived, they realized

• सैन्येन (sainyena) - by the army, by the military force

• रजसा (rajasā) - by dust, by passion

• आवृते (āvṛte) - when (the area) was covered (covered, enveloped, concealed)

• तावकाः (tāvakāḥ) - Dhritarashtra's sons and their allies (your people, those belonging to you (Dhritarashtra))

• प्रद्रुताः (pradrutāḥ) - fled, run away, escaped

• राजन् (rājan) - O king

• दुर्योधनम् (duryodhanam) - Duryodhana

• ऋते (ṛte) - except, without, besides

• नृपम् (nṛpam) - King Duryodhana (the king, the ruler)

Words meanings and morphology

तत्परे (tatpare) - at that time, then, immediately after

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

अवबुध्यन्त (avabudhyanta) - they understood, they perceived, they realized

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of budh

Root: budh (class 4)

सैन्येन (sainyena) - by the army, by the military force

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of sainya

sainya - army, military force, soldier

Derived from senā (army).

रजसा (rajasā) - by dust, by passion

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, gloom, passion (one of the three guṇas)

आवृते (āvṛte) - when (the area) was covered (covered, enveloped, concealed)

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of āvṛta

āvṛta - covered, surrounded, enveloped, concealed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from the root vṛ (to cover) with the prefix ā.

Prefix: ā

Root: vṛ (class 5)

तावकाः (tāvakāḥ) - Dhritarashtra's sons and their allies (your people, those belonging to you (Dhritarashtra))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tāvaka

tāvaka - your, belonging to you; your people, your family

प्रद्रुताः (pradrutāḥ) - fled, run away, escaped

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pradruta

pradruta - fled, run away, escaped

Past Passive Participle

Derived from the root dru (to run) with the prefix pra.

Prefix: pra

Root: dru (class 1)

राजन् (rājan) - O king

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

दुर्योधनम् (duryodhanam) - Duryodhana

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (the eldest son of Dhritarashtra)

ऋते (ṛte) - except, without, besides

(indeclinable)

नृपम् (nṛpam) - King Duryodhana (the king, the ruler)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nṛpa

nṛpa - king, ruler, monarch

Literally 'protector of men'.