महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-153, verse-5

तानन्वयुस्तदा वैश्याः शूद्राश्चैव पितामह ।
एकतस्तु त्रयो वर्णा एकतः क्षत्रियर्षभाः ॥५॥

5. tānanvayustadā vaiśyāḥ śūdrāścaiva pitāmaha ,
ekatastu trayo varṇā ekataḥ kṣatriyarṣabhāḥ.

5. tān anvayuḥ tadā vaiśyāḥ śūdrāḥ ca eva pitāmaha
ekataḥ tu trayaḥ varṇāḥ ekataḥ kṣatriyarṣabhāḥ

5. pitāmaha,
tadā vaiśyāḥ ca eva śūdrāḥ tān anvayuḥ tu ekataḥ trayaḥ varṇāḥ [āsan],
ekataḥ kṣatriyarṣabhāḥ [āsan]

5. Then, O grandfather, the Vaishyas and even the Shudras followed them (the Brahmins). Thus, on one side were the three social classes, and on the other side were the best of the Kshatriyas.

Words meanings summery:

• तान् (tān) - them (the Brahmins mentioned in the previous verse) (them)

• अन्वयुः (anvayuḥ) - they followed, went after

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

• वैश्याः (vaiśyāḥ) - Vaishyas, members of the merchant/agricultural class

• शूद्राः (śūdrāḥ) - Shudras, members of the laboring class

• च (ca) - and, also

• एव (eva) - even, indeed (indeed, certainly, only)

• पितामह (pitāmaha) - O grandfather

• एकतः (ekataḥ) - on one side, from one side

• तु (tu) - thus, but (for contrast/continuation) (but, indeed, however)

• त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three

• वर्णाः (varṇāḥ) - social classes (Brahmin, Vaishya, Shudra) (social classes, colors, kinds)

• एकतः (ekataḥ) - on the other side (on one side, from one side)

• क्षत्रियर्षभाः (kṣatriyarṣabhāḥ) - the best of Kshatriyas, eminent Kshatriyas

Words meanings and morphology

तान् (tān) - them (the Brahmins mentioned in the previous verse) (them)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Masculine accusative plural of tad, referring to the Brahmins

अन्वयुः (anvayuḥ) - they followed, went after

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (lit) of i

Prefix: anu

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Perfect tense of root 'i' with upasarga 'anu'

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)

वैश्याः (vaiśyāḥ) - Vaishyas, members of the merchant/agricultural class

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vaiśya

vaiśya - a Vaishya, member of the third social class (merchants, farmers)

Derived from viś (settlement, community)

Note: Subject of anvayuḥ

शूद्राः (śūdrāḥ) - Shudras, members of the laboring class

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śūdra

śūdra - a Shudra, member of the fourth social class (laborers, servants)

Note: Subject of anvayuḥ

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - even, indeed (indeed, certainly, only)

(indeclinable)

पितामह (pitāmaha) - O grandfather

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - grandfather, creator (Brahma)

Note: Addressing the grandfather figure

एकतः (ekataḥ) - on one side, from one side

(indeclinable)

तु (tu) - thus, but (for contrast/continuation) (but, indeed, however)

(indeclinable)

त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three

(numeral)

Note: Masculine nominative plural of tri (three)

वर्णाः (varṇāḥ) - social classes (Brahmin, Vaishya, Shudra) (social classes, colors, kinds)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of varṇa

varṇa - color, tint, appearance, social class, caste, kind

Note: Refers to the three social classes: Brahmins, Vaishyas, Shudras.

एकतः (ekataḥ) - on the other side (on one side, from one side)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used here in contrast to the first 'ekataḥ' to mean 'on the other side'

क्षत्रियर्षभाः (kṣatriyarṣabhāḥ) - the best of Kshatriyas, eminent Kshatriyas

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kṣatriyarṣabha

kṣatriyarṣabha - chief of Kshatriyas, best among Kshatriyas

Compound type : tatpurusha (kṣatriya+ṛṣabha)

• kṣatriya – a member of the warrior/ruling class
  noun (masculine)
• ṛṣabha – bull, chief, best, eminent
  noun (masculine)

Note: Subject of an implied verb 'were'