महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-280, verse-4

तं श्रुत्वा नियमं दुःखं वध्वा दुःखान्वितो नृपः ।
उत्थाय वाक्यं सावित्रीमब्रवीत्परिसान्त्वयन् ॥४॥

4. taṁ śrutvā niyamaṁ duḥkhaṁ vadhvā duḥkhānvito nṛpaḥ ,
utthāya vākyaṁ sāvitrīmabravītparisāntvayan.

4. tam śrutvā niyamam duḥkham vadhvā duḥkhānvitaḥ
nṛpaḥ utthāya vākyam sāvitrīm abravīt parisāntvayan

4. Hearing about that difficult vow (niyama), the king, filled with sorrow for his daughter-in-law, rose and spoke comforting words to Sāvitrī.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - that (vow) (that, him, it)

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

• नियमम् (niyamam) - vow, rule, restraint

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - (vow that is) difficult (difficult, painful, sorrowful)

• वध्वा (vadhvā) - for the daughter-in-law

• दुःखान्वितः (duḥkhānvitaḥ) - afflicted with sorrow, full of sorrow

• नृपः (nṛpaḥ) - Sāvitrī's father, Aswapati (king)

• उत्थाय (utthāya) - having risen, having stood up

• वाक्यम् (vākyam) - word, speech, sentence

• सावित्रीम् (sāvitrīm) - Sāvitrī

• अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - spoke, said

• परिसान्त्वयन् (parisāntvayan) - comforting, consoling

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - that (vow) (that, him, it)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to niyamam

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

from root śru (to hear), formed with -tvā suffix

Root: śru (class 5)

नियमम् (niyamam) - vow, rule, restraint

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of niyama

niyama - rule, restraint, vow, religious observance

from root yam (to control) with prefix ni

Prefix: ni

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: Object of śrutvā

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - (vow that is) difficult (difficult, painful, sorrowful)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - difficult, sorrow, pain, unhappiness

Note: Adjective for niyamam

वध्वा (vadhvā) - for the daughter-in-law

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, singular of vadhū

vadhū - daughter-in-law, bride, young woman

From vadhū (long ū stem), genitive singular

Note: Genitive of cause/relation with duḥkhānvitaḥ

दुःखान्वितः (duḥkhānvitaḥ) - afflicted with sorrow, full of sorrow

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duḥkhānvita

duḥkhānvita - accompanied by sorrow, filled with pain

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (duḥkha+anvita)

• duḥkha – sorrow, pain
  noun (neuter)
• anvita – accompanied, joined
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  from root i (to go) with prefix anu
  Prefix: anu
  Root: i (class 2)

Note: Agrees with nṛpaḥ

नृपः (nṛpaḥ) - Sāvitrī's father, Aswapati (king)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nṛpa

nṛpa - king

Note: Subject of abravīt

उत्थाय (utthāya) - having risen, having stood up

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

from root sthā (to stand) with prefix ut

Prefix: ut

Root: sthā (class 1)

वाक्यम् (vākyam) - word, speech, sentence

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vākya

vākya - word, speech, sentence

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Object of abravīt

सावित्रीम् (sāvitrīm) - Sāvitrī

(proper noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of sāvitrī

sāvitrī - Sāvitrī (proper noun)

Note: Indirect object of abravīt

अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - spoke, said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of brū

Imperfect

3rd person singular imperfect active of brū (irregular, often vac is used)

Root: brū (class 2)

परिसान्त्वयन् (parisāntvayan) - comforting, consoling

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of parisāntvayat

parisāntvayat - comforting, consoling

Present Active Participle

from root sāntv (to console) with prefix pari

Prefix: pari

Root: sāntv (class 10)

Note: Describes the action of the king while speaking.