महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-67, verse-12

यम उवाच ।
नाहं कालस्य विहितं प्राप्नोमीह कथंचन ।
यो हि धर्मं चरति वै तं तु जानामि केवलम् ॥१२॥

12. yama uvāca ,
nāhaṁ kālasya vihitaṁ prāpnomīha kathaṁcana ,
yo hi dharmaṁ carati vai taṁ tu jānāmi kevalam.

12. yamaḥ uvāca na aham kālasya vihitam prāpnomi iha
kathaṃcana yaḥ hi dharmam carati vai tam tu jānāmi kevalam

12. Yama said: 'By no means do I control what is allotted by time in this realm. Indeed, I know only him who truly practices righteousness (dharma).'

Words meanings summery:

• यमः (yamaḥ) - Yama (the god of death)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• न (na) - not, no

• अहम् (aham) - I

• कालस्य (kālasya) - of time

• विहितम् (vihitam) - what is allotted (ordained, appointed, arranged)

• प्राप्नोमि (prāpnomi) - I control, I receive (I obtain, I reach, I get)

• इह (iha) - here, in this world/realm

• कथंचन (kathaṁcana) - in any way, by any means

• यः (yaḥ) - who, which, he who

• हि (hi) - indeed, for, because

• धर्मम् (dharmam) - righteous conduct (dharma) ((dharma), righteousness, duty, law)

• चरति (carati) - practices (righteous conduct) (practices, performs, moves)

• वै (vai) - indeed, certainly

• तम् (tam) - only him (him, that)

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• जानामि (jānāmi) - I know

• केवलम् (kevalam) - only, merely, alone

Words meanings and morphology

यमः (yamaḥ) - Yama (the god of death)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yama

yama - Yama (god of death), restraint

Note: The speaker of this verse.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of vac

perfect active

root vac (2nd class) in perfect tense

Root: vac (class 2)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Note: Negation.

अहम् (aham) - I

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, me

Note: Subject of prāpnomi, referring to Yama.

कालस्य (kālasya) - of time

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, period, duration, black

Note: Qualifies vihitam.

विहितम् (vihitam) - what is allotted (ordained, appointed, arranged)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vihita

vihita - ordained, appointed, arranged, performed

past passive participle

prefix vi + root dhā + kta suffix

Prefix: vi

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Acts as a noun here, 'that which is ordained'.

प्राप्नोमि (prāpnomi) - I control, I receive (I obtain, I reach, I get)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present (Laṭ) of prāp

present active

prefix pra + root āp (5th class) in present tense, 1st person singular

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

इह (iha) - here, in this world/realm

(indeclinable)

कथंचन (kathaṁcana) - in any way, by any means

(indeclinable)

compound of katham (how) + cana (even)

Compound type : avyayībhāva (katham+cana)

• katham – how?
  indeclinable
• cana – even, also (emphasizing particle)
  indeclinable

Note: Emphatic negation, 'not in any way'.

यः (yaḥ) - who, which, he who

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - which, who, what

Note: Relative pronoun introducing the clause specifying whom Yama knows.

हि (hi) - indeed, for, because

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

धर्मम् (dharmam) - righteous conduct (dharma) ((dharma), righteousness, duty, law)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, virtue, custom

root dhṛ (to uphold, support)

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Object of carati.

चरति (carati) - practices (righteous conduct) (practices, performs, moves)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (Laṭ) of car

present active

root car (1st class) in present tense, 3rd person singular

Root: car (class 1)

वै (vai) - indeed, certainly

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

तम् (tam) - only him (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Correlative pronoun for yaḥ.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

जानामि (jānāmi) - I know

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present (Laṭ) of jñā

present active

root jñā (9th class) in present tense, 1st person singular

Root: jñā (class 9)

केवलम् (kevalam) - only, merely, alone

(indeclinable)

Note: Used adverbially.