महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-138, verse-9

कथं प्रकाशस्तेषां वा मम सैन्येषु वा पुनः ।
बभूव लोके तमसा तथा संजय संवृते ॥९॥

9. kathaṁ prakāśasteṣāṁ vā mama sainyeṣu vā punaḥ ,
babhūva loke tamasā tathā saṁjaya saṁvṛte.

9. katham prakāśaḥ teṣām vā mama sainyeṣu vā
punaḥ babhūva loke tamasā tathā saṃjaya saṃvṛte

9. saṃjaya katham prakāśaḥ teṣām vā punaḥ mama
sainyeṣu vā tathā tamasā saṃvṛte loke babhūva

9. O Sañjaya, how could any clarity or enlightenment come to them, or to my armies, when the world was so completely enveloped by darkness?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

• प्रकाशः (prakāśaḥ) - light, clarity, brilliance

• तेषाम् (teṣām) - for those warriors (of them, for them)

• वा (vā) - or

• मम (mama) - my, of me

• सैन्येषु (sainyeṣu) - in the armies, among the forces

• वा (vā) - or

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again, moreover

• बभूव (babhūva) - came into being, arose, happened

• लोके (loke) - in the world, in the realm

• तमसा (tamasā) - by darkness

• तथा (tathā) - thus, so, in that manner

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sañjaya

• संवृते (saṁvṛte) - covered, enveloped, concealed

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

प्रकाशः (prakāśaḥ) - light, clarity, brilliance

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prakāśa

prakāśa - light, brightness, manifestation, clarity

तेषाम् (teṣām) - for those warriors (of them, for them)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

मम (mama) - my, of me

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of aham

aham - I

सैन्येषु (sainyeṣu) - in the armies, among the forces

(noun)

Locative, neuter, plural of sainya

sainya - army, host, military force

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

पुनः (punaḥ) - again, moreover

(indeclinable)

बभूव (babhūva) - came into being, arose, happened

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of bhū

Root: bhū (class 1)

लोके (loke) - in the world, in the realm

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of loka

loka - world, realm, people

तमसा (tamasā) - by darkness

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tamas

tamas - darkness, gloom

तथा (tathā) - thus, so, in that manner

(indeclinable)

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Sañjaya

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Sañjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and reporter)

संवृते (saṁvṛte) - covered, enveloped, concealed

(participle)

Locative, masculine, singular of saṃvṛta

saṁvṛta - covered, concealed, surrounded

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root `vṛ` (to cover, enclose) with `saṃ` prefix.

Prefix: sam

Root: vṛ

Note: Agrees with 'loke' in gender, number, and case.