महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-138, verse-1

संजय उवाच ।
वर्तमाने तथा युद्धे घोररूपे भयावहे ।
तमसा संवृते लोके रजसा च महीपते ।
नापश्यन्त रणे योधाः परस्परमवस्थिताः ॥१॥

1. saṁjaya uvāca ,
vartamāne tathā yuddhe ghorarūpe bhayāvahe ,
tamasā saṁvṛte loke rajasā ca mahīpate ,
nāpaśyanta raṇe yodhāḥ parasparamavasthitāḥ.

1. saṃjaya uvāca vartamāne tathā yuddhe
ghorarūpe bhayāvahe tamasā saṃvṛte
loke rajasā ca mahīpate na apaśyanta
raṇe yodhāḥ parasparam avasthitāḥ

1. saṃjaya uvāca mahīpate,
tathā vartamāne ghorarūpe bhayāvahe yuddhe tamasā ca rajasā saṃvṛte loke raṇe avasthitāḥ yodhāḥ parasparam na apaśyanta

1. Sañjaya said: O king (mahīpate), while that dreadful and terrifying battle was ongoing, and the world was enveloped by darkness and dust, the warriors arrayed on the battlefield could not see each other.

Words meanings summery:

• संजय (saṁjaya) - Sañjaya (a proper name)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• वर्तमाने (vartamāne) - while ongoing, during (ongoing, present, existing (locative singular))

• तथा (tathā) - thus, in that way (referring to the ongoing nature or intensity) (thus, so, in that manner)

• युद्धे (yuddhe) - in the battle (in battle, in war)

• घोररूपे (ghorarūpe) - of dreadful nature (of dreadful form, terrible-looking (locative singular))

• भयावहे (bhayāvahe) - terrifying (terrifying, fear-bringing (locative singular))

• तमसा (tamasā) - by darkness (by darkness, by gloom)

• संवृते (saṁvṛte) - enveloped (covered, enveloped, concealed (locative singular))

• लोके (loke) - in the surroundings, in the region of battle (in the world, in the realm)

• रजसा (rajasā) - by dust (raised from the battle) (by dust, by passion)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• महीपते (mahīpate) - O Dhṛtarāṣṭra (O king, O lord of the earth (vocative singular))

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• अपश्यन्त (apaśyanta) - could not see (they did not see)

• रणे (raṇe) - on the battlefield (in battle, on the battlefield)

• योधाः (yodhāḥ) - the warriors (warriors, fighters)

• परस्परम् (parasparam) - each other (each other, mutually)

• अवस्थिताः (avasthitāḥ) - arrayed (on the battlefield) (situated, standing, arrayed (nominative plural))

Words meanings and morphology

संजय (saṁjaya) - Sañjaya (a proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - triumphant, victorious; a proper name (Sañjaya)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

perfect active

Reduplicated perfect form of √vac

Root: vac (class 2)

वर्तमाने (vartamāne) - while ongoing, during (ongoing, present, existing (locative singular))

(participle)

Locative, neuter, singular of vartamāna

vartamāna - present, existing, ongoing

present middle participle

Derived from root √vṛt (to be, to exist, to turn) with middle participle suffix -māna.

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Agrees with yuddhe.

तथा (tathā) - thus, in that way (referring to the ongoing nature or intensity) (thus, so, in that manner)

(indeclinable)

युद्धे (yuddhe) - in the battle (in battle, in war)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - battle, fight, war

Root: yudh (class 4)

घोररूपे (ghorarūpe) - of dreadful nature (of dreadful form, terrible-looking (locative singular))

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of ghorarūpa

ghorarūpa - dreadful-formed, terrible-looking

Compound type : karmadhāraya (ghora+rūpa)

• ghora – dreadful, terrible, awful
  adjective (neuter)
• rūpa – form, shape, appearance, nature
  noun (neuter)

भयावहे (bhayāvahe) - terrifying (terrifying, fear-bringing (locative singular))

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of bhayāvaha

bhayāvaha - bringing fear, terrifying, dreadful

Derived from bhaya (fear) + √vah (to carry, bring) with prefix ā-

Compound type : upapada (bhaya+āvaha)

• bhaya – fear, dread
  noun (neuter)
• āvaha – bringing, causing, producing
  adjective (neuter)
  agent noun/adjective
  Derived from root √vah with prefix ā, and suffix -a.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: vah (class 1)

तमसा (tamasā) - by darkness (by darkness, by gloom)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tamas

tamas - darkness, gloom, ignorance

संवृते (saṁvṛte) - enveloped (covered, enveloped, concealed (locative singular))

(participle)

Locative, masculine, singular of saṃvṛta

saṁvṛta - covered, concealed, enveloped

past passive participle

Derived from root √vṛ (to cover, enclose) with prefix saṃ-.

Prefix: saṃ

Root: vṛ (class 5)

लोके (loke) - in the surroundings, in the region of battle (in the world, in the realm)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of loka

loka - world, region, people

रजसा (rajasā) - by dust (raised from the battle) (by dust, by passion)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, gloom, impurity, passion (one of the guṇas)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

महीपते (mahīpate) - O Dhṛtarāṣṭra (O king, O lord of the earth (vocative singular))

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahīpati

mahīpati - lord of the earth, king

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (mahī+pati)

• mahī – earth, ground
  noun (feminine)
• pati – master, lord, husband
  noun (masculine)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

अपश्यन्त (apaśyanta) - could not see (they did not see)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, imperfect (laṅ) of paś

imperfect active

From root √dṛś (to see), but uses stem paśya in present system. Imperfect form with 'a' augment.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

रणे (raṇe) - on the battlefield (in battle, on the battlefield)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, war, combat

Root: raṇ (class 1)

योधाः (yodhāḥ) - the warriors (warriors, fighters)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of yodha

yodha - fighter, warrior, combatant

Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Subject of apaśyanta.

परस्परम् (parasparam) - each other (each other, mutually)

(indeclinable)

Note: Functions as an adverb 'mutually' or an accusative 'each other'.

अवस्थिताः (avasthitāḥ) - arrayed (on the battlefield) (situated, standing, arrayed (nominative plural))

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, plural of avasthita

avasthita - situated, standing, arrayed, firm

past passive participle

Derived from root √sthā (to stand) with prefix ava-.

Prefix: ava

Root: sthā (class 1)