महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-109, verse-15

विरथं तं रथश्रेष्ठं दृष्ट्वाधिरथिमाहवे ।
दुर्योधनस्ततो राजन्नभ्यभाषत दुर्मुखम् ॥१५॥

15. virathaṁ taṁ rathaśreṣṭhaṁ dṛṣṭvādhirathimāhave ,
duryodhanastato rājannabhyabhāṣata durmukham.

15. viratham tam rathaśreṣṭham dṛṣṭvā ādhirathim āhave
duryodhanaḥ tataḥ rājan abhyabhāṣata durmukham

15. rājan tataḥ duryodhanaḥ āhave viratham tam
rathaśreṣṭham ādhirathim dṛṣṭvā durmukham abhyabhāṣata

15. O King, then Duryodhana, having seen Karna—who was without a chariot and was the best among charioteers—in battle, addressed Durmukha.

Words meanings summery:

• विरथम् (viratham) - charioteer-less, dismounted from a chariot

• तम् (tam) - him, that

• रथश्रेष्ठम् (rathaśreṣṭham) - best among charioteers, chief of charioteers

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, after seeing

• आधिरथिम् (ādhirathim) - Karna (Adhirathi's son (Karna))

• आहवे (āhave) - in battle, in the fight

• दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - Duryodhana, the eldest of the Kauravas (Duryodhana (proper name))

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, therefrom, afterwards

• राजन् (rājan) - O Dhritarashtra (O king)

• अभ्यभाषत (abhyabhāṣata) - he addressed, he spoke to

• दुर्मुखम् (durmukham) - Durmukha, one of the Kaurava warriors (Durmukha (proper name))

Words meanings and morphology

विरथम् (viratham) - charioteer-less, dismounted from a chariot

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of viratha

viratha - without a chariot, dismounted from a chariot

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (vi+ratha)

• vi – without, apart, away
  indeclinable
  used as a privative prefix
• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)

तम् (tam) - him, that

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

रथश्रेष्ठम् (rathaśreṣṭham) - best among charioteers, chief of charioteers

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rathaśreṣṭha

rathaśreṣṭha - best of chariots, best charioteer

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+śreṣṭha)

• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
• śreṣṭha – best, chief, excellent
  adjective (masculine)

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, after seeing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

formed from root dṛś with suffix -tvā

Root: dṛś (class 1)

आधिरथिम् (ādhirathim) - Karna (Adhirathi's son (Karna))

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ādhirathi

ādhirathi - son of Adhiratha (Karna)

derived from Adhiratha

आहवे (āhave) - in battle, in the fight

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of āhava

āhava - battle, fight, war

दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - Duryodhana, the eldest of the Kauravas (Duryodhana (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (name of the eldest Kaurava prince)

ततः (tataḥ) - then, therefrom, afterwards

(indeclinable)

ablative of 'tad' used adverbially

राजन् (rājan) - O Dhritarashtra (O king)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

अभ्यभाषत (abhyabhāṣata) - he addressed, he spoke to

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of bhāṣ

Imperfect tense form

third person singular imperfect middle

Prefix: abhi

Root: bhāṣ (class 1)

दुर्मुखम् (durmukham) - Durmukha, one of the Kaurava warriors (Durmukha (proper name))

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of durmukha

durmukha - Durmukha (name of a Kaurava warrior), ill-faced, evil-mouthed